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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Visual Agnosia01:12

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Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Perceptual Constancy01:12

Perceptual Constancy

Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...

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How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry
14:34

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Published on: November 10, 2010

Cross-orientation suppression in human visual cortex.

Gijs Joost Brouwer1, David J Heeger

  • 1Dept. of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York Univ., New York, NY 10003, USA. gbrouwer@nyu.edu

Journal of Neurophysiology
|July 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cross-orientation suppression in the human visual cortex (V1) was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The normalization model successfully explains how visual stimuli are suppressed when presented with conflicting orientations.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cross-orientation suppression is a phenomenon where stimuli with different orientations inhibit neural responses.
  • The normalization model is a computational framework used to describe neural processing in sensory systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the validity of the normalization model in explaining cross-orientation suppression in human primary visual cortex (V1).
  • To infer the responses and interactions of neuronal subpopulations using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Main Methods:

  • fMRI was used to measure activity in human V1 while subjects viewed target gratings with or without a superimposed mask grating.
  • Orientation-selective responses were fitted with the normalization model to analyze contrast gain shifts.
  • A control experiment with temporally interleaved stimuli was conducted to rule out suppression effects.

Main Results:

  • The normalization model accurately described contrast-response functions with and without the mask grating.
  • A shift in contrast gain was observed for the V1 channel tuned to the target orientation when the mask was present, indicating suppression.
  • No contrast gain shift was found in the control experiment, suggesting suppression is dependent on simultaneous stimulus presentation.

Conclusions:

  • The normalization model effectively explains cross-orientation suppression in human V1.
  • The study demonstrates a method to infer and characterize interactions between neuronal subpopulations in the human brain.
  • This approach offers insights into how neural populations represent stimuli and their interactions.