Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Plant root carbon inputs drive methane production in tropical peatlands.

Scientific reports·2025

Same author

Can disbudding of calves (one versus four weeks of age) induce chronic pain?

Physiology & behavior·2018

Same author

Level of readiness of chronic pain patients to practise active self-care.

European journal of pain (London, England)·2018

Same author

Predicting drug efficacy in chronic low back pain by quantitative sensory tests.

European journal of pain (London, England)·2018

Same author

Analgesic effect of clobazam in chronic low-back pain but not in experimentally induced pain.

European journal of pain (London, England)·2017

Same author

Aversive responses of captive sandbar sharks Carcharhinus plumbeus to strong magnetic fields.

Journal of fish biology·2016

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Published on: November 21, 2025

Perioperative nerve blockade: clues from the bench.

M R Suter¹, A Siegenthaler, I Decosterd

¹Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Anesthesiology Research and Practice

|July 22, 2011

Summary

Peripheral nerve blocks effectively manage acute pain but long-term effects, including chronic pain and cancer recurrence, remain unclear. This review examines animal models to understand nerve blockade

More Related Videos

Novel Surgical Rodent Model for Studying Neuroma Pain Treatment Options using Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Through the Saphenous Nerve

Novel Surgical Rodent Model for Studying Neuroma Pain Treatment Options using Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Through the Saphenous Nerve

Published on: November 14, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Published on: November 21, 2025

Novel Surgical Rodent Model for Studying Neuroma Pain Treatment Options using Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Through the Saphenous Nerve

Novel Surgical Rodent Model for Studying Neuroma Pain Treatment Options using Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Through the Saphenous Nerve

Published on: November 14, 2025

Area of Science:

Anesthesiology and Pain Management
Neuroscience
Oncology

Background:

Peripheral and neuraxial nerve blocks are standard for acute perioperative pain.
Long-term outcomes like chronic pain, cancer recurrence, and infection are influenced by nerve blockade.
The efficacy of nerve blockade for long-term outcomes is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge on the effects of blocking peripheral nerve electrical activity.
To explore mechanisms of pain development and fiber activation post-injury.
To propose hypotheses for varied clinical results in chronic postoperative pain.

Main Methods:

Review of animal models investigating nerve blockade and pain.
Analysis of pain development mechanisms and activated nerve fibers.
Evaluation of experimental results to explain clinical findings.

Main Results:

Established efficacy of nerve blocks for acute pain.
Controversial findings regarding long-term effects on chronic pain, cancer recurrence, and infection.
Identification of potential limitations in current blockade strategies.

Conclusions:

Current nerve blockade methods may not fully address chronic pain mechanisms.
Limitations include lack of myelinated fiber blockade, inappropriate duration, and activity-independent factors.
Further research is needed to optimize nerve blockade for improved long-term patient outcomes.