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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:28

Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...
Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Serum Creatinine Concentration01:28

Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Serum Creatinine Concentration

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be estimated from serum creatinine using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula or the chronic kidney disease–epidemiology collaboration (CKD–EPI) equation. Both methods are widely used in clinical practice to assess kidney function and guide treatment decisions.The MDRD equation does not require weight or height measurements and is normalized to the body surface area of 1.73 m², considered the average adult surface area. This equation is...
Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Dose Adjustments Based on Drug Clearance and Elimination Rate Constant01:25

Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Dose Adjustments Based on Drug Clearance and Elimination Rate Constant

In patients with renal disease, dosage adjustments are necessary to maintain therapeutic plasma drug concentrations and prevent toxicity or subtherapeutic exposure. Renal impairment alters drug pharmacokinetics, especially in conditions like uremia, where changes such as prolonged elimination half-life and altered apparent volume of distribution can significantly affect drug disposition. These changes require careful modification of the dosing regimen to achieve the desired clinical...
Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...

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Updated: May 30, 2026

5/6 Nephrectomy Using Sharp Bipolectomy Via Midline Laparotomy in Rats
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5/6 Nephrectomy Using Sharp Bipolectomy Via Midline Laparotomy in Rats

Published on: April 4, 2025

Loss to analysis in randomized controlled trials in CKD.

Aneet Deo1, Christopher H Schmid, Amy Earley

  • 1Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.

American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|July 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Many chronic kidney disease trials lack transparency in reporting participant data, compromising study quality. Improving data accounting is crucial for enhancing the reliability of nephrology research.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

5/6 Nephrectomy Using Sharp Bipolectomy Via Midline Laparotomy in Rats
05:34

5/6 Nephrectomy Using Sharp Bipolectomy Via Midline Laparotomy in Rats

Published on: April 4, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Clinical Trials
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Limited randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exist in nephrology.
  • Trial quality is diminished by inadequate accounting of all randomly assigned participants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate RCTs in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.
  • Assess reporting and accounting of missing data in outcome analyses.

Main Methods:

  • Empirical evaluation of English-language parallel-group RCTs.
  • Studies published in MEDLINE during 2007-2008 involving adults with CKD on dialysis or transplant.
  • Assessed loss to analysis, completeness of intention-to-treat analysis, and reporting of data imputation methods.

Main Results:

  • 27% of RCTs lacked a clear primary outcome; 5% did not report numbers of randomly assigned and analyzed patients.
  • 58% of analyzed trials had participant loss, with a median loss of 10%.
  • While 54% claimed intention-to-treat analysis, only 44% fully included all randomly assigned participants; only 5% reported data imputation.

Conclusions:

  • Significant deficiencies exist in primary outcome designation and reporting of data lost to analysis in CKD RCTs.
  • Reporting and accounting of missing data in CKD trials do not meet CONSORT standards.
  • Enhanced transparency in handling and reporting participant data loss is essential for improving trial quality in nephrology.