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Related Concept Videos

Liver Regeneration01:24

Liver Regeneration

The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
Cells of Liver
The liver comprises four major types of cells— hepatocytes, stellate, Kupffer, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The hepatocytes are large...
Cellular Adaptation III: Hyperplasia01:26

Cellular Adaptation III: Hyperplasia

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ due to enhanced cell division. It is an adaptive, controlled response to stimuli such as injury, hormones, or stress, involving mitosis to produce genetically identical cells and support tissue repair and regeneration.Tissue CapacityCertain tissues, including the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, bone marrow, and fibroblasts, have a high potential for hyperplasia. Others, such as bone, cartilage, and smooth muscle, show...
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells01:23

Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells

After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
However, failure of such a system...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice
08:44

A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice

Published on: April 19, 2020

Polyploidy and liver proliferation.

G Gentric1, S Celton-Morizur, C Desdouets

  • 1Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.

Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology
|July 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Polyploid cells, with multiple sets of chromosomes, are common in plants and some mammalian tissues like the liver. This review explores how liver polyploidization is regulated during normal and pathological growth.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Polyploidy, an increase in DNA content by whole number multiples of chromosome sets, is observed in many eukaryotes.
  • While less common in mammals, polyploid cells are prevalent in specific tissues such as the liver.
  • Liver polyploidization is a significant feature of post-natal growth and development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of polyploidization regulation in the liver.
  • To detail the mechanisms by which hepatocytes become polyploid.
  • To discuss the implications of liver polyploidy in normal and pathological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cell division cycles and polyploidy.
  • Analysis of mechanisms regulating hepatocyte polyploidization.

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Human Liver Spheroids from Peripheral Blood for Liver Disease Studies
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Human Liver Spheroids from Peripheral Blood for Liver Disease Studies

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice
08:44

A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice

Published on: April 19, 2020

Isolation of Nuclei from Flash-Frozen Liver Tissue for Single-Cell Multiomics
09:09

Isolation of Nuclei from Flash-Frozen Liver Tissue for Single-Cell Multiomics

Published on: December 9, 2022

Human Liver Spheroids from Peripheral Blood for Liver Disease Studies
09:51

Human Liver Spheroids from Peripheral Blood for Liver Disease Studies

Published on: January 27, 2023

  • Examination of polyploidization during liver growth and damage.

    • Main Results:

    • Hepatocytes undergo gradual polyploidization during post-natal liver growth, forming various ploidy classes.
    • Liver cell polyploidy is associated with terminal differentiation, senescence, loss of pluripotency, and reduced replication capacity.
    • Polyploidization in adult livers is differentially regulated in response to liver mass loss and damage.

    Conclusions:

    • Liver polyploidization is a complex process regulated during both normal development and in response to injury.
    • Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is crucial for comprehending liver regeneration and disease.
    • Hepatocyte polyploidy plays a role in liver function, regeneration, and the aging process.