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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Investigation of Disease Outbreaks01:23

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR
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High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR

Published on: November 28, 2016

Discovering novel zoonotic viruses.

Lin-Fa Wang1

  • 1CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory. linfa.wang@csiro.au

New South Wales Public Health Bulletin
|July 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Zoonotic virus outbreaks are increasing globally. A One Health approach, integrating human, animal, and environmental health, is crucial for preventing future epidemics.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • One Health

Background:

  • The last two decades have seen a significant rise in zoonotic virus outbreaks, including Hendra virus, Menangle virus, SARS, H5N1, and H1N1 influenza.
  • The drivers behind virus emergence are not fully understood, but new pathogen discovery is accelerating.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the trends in zoonotic virus emergence.
  • To highlight the importance of technological advancements in virus detection and characterization.
  • To emphasize the necessity of a collaborative One Health approach for future outbreak control.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent zoonotic virus emergence events.
  • Discussion of technological advancements in molecular virology and other detection platforms.

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Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm

Published on: April 12, 2017

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High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR
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High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR

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Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm
11:12

Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm

Published on: April 12, 2017

  • Analysis of the effectiveness of interdisciplinary collaborations.
  • Main Results:

    • The rate of new virus discovery is increasing due to both true emergence and technological progress.
    • Molecular techniques are vital for virus discovery, but complementary platforms are needed.
    • Past outbreaks underscore the value of integrated health strategies.

    Conclusions:

    • Continued molecular advancements are essential for virus discovery.
    • A comprehensive One Health strategy, fostering collaboration among physicians, veterinarians, and environmental professionals, is critical for mitigating future zoonotic disease threats.