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Related Concept Videos

Caspases01:24

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...

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Measuring Caspase Activity Using a Fluorometric Assay or Flow Cytometry
05:29

Measuring Caspase Activity Using a Fluorometric Assay or Flow Cytometry

Published on: March 24, 2023

Redox control of caspases.

C K Sen1, S Roy

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, 512 Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology
|July 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Caspase activity, crucial for apoptosis, is regulated by oxidation-reduction (redox) mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a complex role in cell death, influenced by factors like concentration and localization.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • Caspases are key enzymes in programmed cell death (apoptosis).
  • The active site cysteine in caspases, including caspase 3, is sensitive to redox control.
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were initially viewed primarily as damaging agents triggering cell death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the redox-dependent regulation of inducible caspase 3 activity.
  • To explore the nuanced role of ROS in cell death pathways.
  • To discuss how redox modulation influences inducible cell death.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of caspase regulation and ROS function.
  • Analysis of studies investigating thioredoxin and glutathione in caspase-3 activity.
  • Examination of research on ROS concentration, type, and localization effects.

Main Results:

  • Caspase-3 activity requires thioredoxin and glutathione for apoptosis induction.
  • The biological impact of ROS is context-dependent (concentration, chemical type, cellular localization).
  • ROS and reactive nitrogen species can modulate inducible cell death through caspase activity or energy depletion.

Conclusions:

  • Redox regulation is a critical mechanism controlling caspase activity and apoptosis.
  • A refined understanding of ROS reveals their complex, context-dependent roles in cell death.
  • Pharmacological enhancement of thiol status, e.g., with α-lipoic acid, may facilitate the removal of diseased cells.