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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...

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A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans
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A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 14, 2019

Cadmium neurotoxicity.

Marisela Méndez-Armenta1, Camilo Ríos

  • 1Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama Tlalpan C.P. 14269, D.F., Mexico.

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology
|July 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic pollutant causing organ damage. This review details how Cd causes neurotoxicity through oxidative stress, apoptosis, and interference with essential minerals, impacting brain health.

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Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging
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A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans
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Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Published on: October 9, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Environmental toxicology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular biology

Background:

  • Cadmium (Cd) is a significant environmental and industrial pollutant.
  • Cd exposure can lead to acute or chronic toxicity affecting multiple organs and tissues.
  • Neurotoxicity is a critical concern associated with Cd exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent evidence on the mechanisms of cadmium-induced neurotoxicity.
  • To explore the role of the blood-brain barrier in Cd neurotoxicity.
  • To discuss the involvement of oxidative stress, calcium/zinc homeostasis, and apoptosis in Cd neurotoxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific evidence.
  • Analysis of studies investigating Cd's impact on neuronal function.
  • Examination of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying Cd neurotoxicity.

Main Results:

  • Cd exposure disrupts cellular functions in the nervous system.
  • The blood-brain barrier's integrity and function are affected by Cd.
  • Oxidative stress, altered calcium and zinc signaling, and apoptosis are key mechanisms of Cd neurotoxicity.
  • Metallothionein plays a modulatory role in Cd toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • Cadmium neurotoxicity involves complex cellular dysfunctions.
  • Further research into specific neuronal mechanisms is crucial for understanding and mitigating Cd's effects on the brain.
  • Targeting these mechanisms may offer therapeutic strategies against cadmium-induced neurological damage.