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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Overview
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

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Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation
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Non-targeted radiation effects-an epigenetic connection.

Yaroslav Ilnytskyy1, Olga Kovalchuk

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge T1K 3M4, Alberta, Canada.

Mutation Research
|July 26, 2011
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Summary

Ionizing radiation (IR) causes genome instability. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and small RNAs, may explain these effects in exposed, bystander, and even future generations.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genotoxicology

Background:

  • Ionizing radiation (IR) is crucial for cancer diagnosis and treatment but is also a genotoxic agent.
  • IR can induce genome instability in directly exposed cells, bystander cells, and even in progeny of exposed individuals.
  • The mechanisms underlying these long-term and transgenerational effects are not fully understood and are proposed to be epigenetic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of epigenetic mechanisms in IR-induced genome instability.
  • To focus on DNA methylation and small RNAs in directly exposed and bystander tissues.
  • To explore the involvement of epigenetics in IR-induced transgenerational effects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on epigenetic modifications.
  • Analysis of studies investigating DNA methylation changes post-IR exposure.
  • Examination of research on small RNA-mediated silencing in radiation biology.

Main Results:

  • IR exposure can lead to persistent genome instability.
  • Epigenetic alterations, specifically DNA methylation and small RNA dysregulation, are implicated in IR-induced effects.
  • These epigenetic changes appear to mediate effects in directly exposed, bystander, and transgenerational contexts.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation and small RNAs, play a significant role in maintaining IR-induced genome instability.
  • These findings suggest that epigenetic alterations are key mediators of both immediate and heritable radiation effects.
  • Understanding these epigenetic pathways is crucial for managing radiation-related complications and risks.