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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Nuclear Binding Energy02:13

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound together;...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
12:13

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

Published on: June 9, 2010

Nuclear pore structure: warming up the core.

Amnon Harel1, Yosef Gruenbaum

  • 1Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. amharel@tx.technion.ac.il

Cell
|July 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers studied the nuclear pore complex, a large cellular structure. Using stable proteins from a thermophilic fungus, they gained new insights into its core scaffold.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
12:13

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

Published on: June 9, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a massive protein channel regulating transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • Structural determination of the NPC has been challenging due to its size and complexity.

Discussion:

  • This study utilized stable nucleoporins from the thermophilic fungus Chaetomium thermophilum.
  • This approach overcomes limitations in resolving the NPC structure.

Key Insights:

  • New insights into a core element of the nuclear pore scaffold were provided.
  • The findings advance our understanding of NPC architecture.

Outlook:

  • Further structural studies of the NPC can be facilitated by this method.
  • This research paves the way for understanding NPC function in greater detail.