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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
09:20

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Published on: February 13, 2021

Progression from concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and normal ejection fraction to left ventricular

Richard V Milani1, Mark H Drazner, Carl J Lavie

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, University of Queensland Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. rmilani@ochsner.org

The American Journal of Cardiology
|July 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thirteen percent of patients with concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and normal ejection fraction developed systolic dysfunction over 3 years. Key risk factors included myocardial infarction, prolonged QRS duration, and elevated arterial impedance.

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Evaluation of Left Ventricular Structure and Function using 3D Echocardiography
06:34

Evaluation of Left Ventricular Structure and Function using 3D Echocardiography

Published on: October 28, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
09:20

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Published on: February 13, 2021

Evaluation of Left Ventricular Structure and Function using 3D Echocardiography
06:34

Evaluation of Left Ventricular Structure and Function using 3D Echocardiography

Published on: October 28, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, caused by increased LV afterload, is linked to cardiovascular events.
  • While LV hypertrophy can lead to heart failure, data on progression to systolic dysfunction in patients with initially normal ejection fraction are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency of deterioration to systolic dysfunction in patients with concentric LV hypertrophy and normal ejection fraction.
  • To identify risk factors associated with the development of LV systolic dysfunction in this patient cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluation of baseline and follow-up data from 1,024 patients with concentric LV hypertrophy and normal ejection fraction.
  • Paired echocardiograms obtained at least 1 year apart were analyzed.
  • Risk factors including interval myocardial infarction, QRS duration, and arterial impedance were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Systolic dysfunction developed in 13% of patients (134/1024) after a mean follow-up of 33 months.
  • Interval myocardial infarction was the most common associated variable (43%).
  • Prolonged QRS duration (>120 ms) and elevated arterial impedance (>4.0 mm Hg/ml/m²) significantly increased the risk of developing LV systolic dysfunction, with a fourfold increased risk if both were present.

Conclusions:

  • Approximately 13% of patients with normal ejection fraction and concentric LV hypertrophy progress to systolic dysfunction within 3 years.
  • Interval myocardial infarction, prolonged QRS duration, and elevated arterial impedance are significant risk factors for this functional decline.
  • Standard blood pressure measurements may not fully capture elevated arterial impedance.