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A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

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The on-freezing phenomenon: cognitive and behavioral aspects.

Rita Moretti¹, Paola Torre, Rodolfo M Antonello

¹Medicina Clinica, Ambulatorio Complicanze Internistiche Cerebrali, Dipartimento Universitario Clinici di Scienze Mediche Tecnologiche e Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Strada Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy.

Parkinson'S Disease

|July 26, 2011

Summary

Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease (PD) presents differently. On-freezing, unlike off-freezing, is linked to cognitive deficits and does not respond to medication adjustments.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Neurology
Cognitive Science

Background:

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a significant motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD).
FOG can manifest as 'off-freezing' related to medication or 'on-freezing' potentially linked to distinct neural pathways.
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of different FOG types is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

To differentiate the clinical and cognitive characteristics of 'on-freezing' in Parkinson's disease.
To investigate the neural underpinnings of 'on-freezing' by examining cognitive functions.
To compare cognitive profiles of patients with 'on-freezing' to those without FOG.

Main Methods:

Clinical assessment of Parkinson's disease patients with and without freezing of gait.
Neuropsychological testing to evaluate attention, executive functions (set-shifting), abstract reasoning, and planning.
Comparison of cognitive performance between patients experiencing 'on-freezing' and a control group of PD patients without FOG.

Main Results:

'On-freezing' in Parkinson's disease is associated with disruptions in frontal-parietal-basal ganglia-pontine neural pathways.
Patients with 'on-freezing' exhibited significant impairments in focusing attention, set-shifting, abstract reasoning, and planning.
These cognitive deficits were more pronounced in the 'on-freezing' group compared to Parkinson's disease patients without FOG.

Conclusions:

'On-freezing' represents a distinct phenotype of freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease.
Cognitive dysfunction, particularly in executive functions and attention, is a key feature of 'on-freezing'.
This suggests 'on-freezing' may stem from different neurobiological mechanisms than medication-related 'off-freezing'.