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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color
10:27

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Published on: February 20, 2014

Basic processes in reading: the effect of interletter spacing.

Evan F Risko1, Sophie N Lanthier, Derek Besner

  • 1Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 83506, USA. evan.risko@asu.edu

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|July 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Increasing the space between letters during reading impairs word and nonword pronunciation. This suggests reading aloud relies more on serial processing and attention when letter spacing is increased.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Reading performance is highly sensitive to visual factors like interletter spacing.
  • Understanding how visual spacing affects reading processes is crucial for cognitive models of reading.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of increased interletter spacing on reading aloud of words and nonwords.
  • To test if wider spacing induces serial processing during reading aloud.
  • To determine if this serial processing relies on a serial sublexical mechanism, as proposed in dual route models of reading.

Main Methods:

  • Participants read aloud single words and nonwords presented with varying interletter spacing.
  • The study focused on analyzing the reading aloud process, not silent reading.
  • Hypotheses regarding serial processing and sublexical mechanisms were tested.

Main Results:

  • Increased interletter spacing significantly impairs the ability to read aloud words and nonwords.
  • Evidence suggests that wider spacing promotes serial processing during oral reading.
  • Findings indicate a potential increased reliance on serial sublexical pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Interletter spacing is a critical factor influencing the efficiency of reading aloud.
  • The results support the role of serial processing and attention in overcoming visual challenges in reading.
  • This research contributes to understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying reading aloud and its potential disruptions.