Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Sign Test for Median of Single Population

Sign Test for Median of Single Population

In general, the sign test serves as a nonparametric method to test hypotheses about the median of a single population when the data does not follow a known distribution. This simplicity makes it particularly useful for small sample sizes or when the assumptions of parametric tests cannot be met. The process begins with identifying a null hypothesis, typically stating that the population median equals a specific value. The alternative hypothesis could be that the median is either not equal to,...

Non-Verbal Cues

Non-Verbal Cues

Non-verbal communication extends beyond gestures and facial expressions to include vocal elements known as paralanguage. Paralanguage consists of non-verbal vocal cues such as pitch, loudness, speech rate, pauses, and non-verbal vocalizations like laughter, sighs, and moans. These elements not only accompany speech but also provide critical emotional and contextual information.The Role of Paralanguage in CommunicationParalanguage adds depth to spoken language by conveying emotions and...

z Scores and Unusual Values

z Scores and Unusual Values

The z score is one of the three measures of relative standing. It describes the location of a value in a dataset relative to the mean. z scores are obtained after the standardization of the values in a dataset. The z score for the mean is 0.
This score indicates how far a value is from the mean in terms of standard deviation. For example, if a data value has a z score of +1, the researcher can infer that the particular data value is one standard deviation above the mean. If another data value...

Ratio Level of Measurement

Ratio Level of Measurement

The way a set of data is measured is called its level of measurement. Correct statistical procedures depend on a researcher being familiar with levels of measurement. For analysis, data are classified into four levels of measurement—nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
A set of data measured using the ratio scale takes care of the ratio problem and provides complete information. Ratio scale data are like interval scale data, except they have a zero point and ratios can be calculated. For...

Review and Preview

Review and Preview

In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...

Root Mean Square

Root Mean Square

If in an experiment, data values have a probability of being both positive and negative, neither the arithmetic mean, the geometric mean, nor the harmonic mean can be used to calculate the central tendency of the data set. In particular, if the positive and negative values are equally likely, the arithmetic mean is close to zero.
For example, consider the velocity of gas molecules in a container. The gas molecules are moving in different directions, which might impart positive and negative...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Public awareness, procedural knowledge, and reporting intention for child abuse involving children with disabilities in Malaysia.

Child abuse & neglect·2026

Same author

Development and Preliminary Outcomes of a Parent-Led Intervention for Malaysian School-Age Children With Cleft Lip and/or Palate.

Language, speech, and hearing services in schools·2026

Same author

Advancing equity in neurodevelopmental care with the Tracking Cube: protocol for an effectiveness-implementation hybrid (type 1) stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial.

BMC health services research·2026

Same author

Dental Caries Detection in Children Using Intraoral Scanners Featuring Fluorescence: Diagnostic Agreement Study.

JMIR public health and surveillance·2025

Same author

Combining genetic and behavioral predictors of 11-year language outcome.

Psychiatry research·2025

Same author

Pharmacological and dietary treatments for developmental stuttering: A systematic review.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Published on: February 21, 2011

Normative nasalance scores for the Malay language.

Hasherah Mohd Ibrahim¹, Sheena Reilly, Nicky Kilpatrick

¹Department of Audiology and Speech Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association

|July 27, 2011

Summary

This study established normative nasalance scores for Malay speakers aged 6-12. The findings align with international standards, offering valuable data for speech-language pathology in Malaysia.

More Related Videos

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Published on: August 28, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Published on: February 21, 2011

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Published on: August 28, 2021

Area of Science:

Speech-language pathology
Acoustic phonetics
Linguistic research

Background:

Nasalance assessment is crucial for evaluating velopharyngeal function.
Normative data is essential for accurate clinical interpretation.
Malay language stimuli for nasalance assessment were previously lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish normative nasalance scores for newly developed Malay stimuli.
To provide reference values for Malay-speaking children.
To facilitate accurate diagnosis and treatment of speech disorders in Malaysia.

Main Methods:

A cross-sectional study design was employed.
150 native Malay speakers aged 6-12 years participated.
Participants underwent screening and then read/repeated stimuli for nasalance recording.

Main Results:

Mean nasalance scores were recorded for Oral (13.86%), Nasal (60.28%), and Sentence Set (27.72%) passages.
The data provides specific mean scores with standard deviations and confidence intervals.
Age and sex differences were noted but deemed clinically insignificant.

Conclusions:

Established Malay nasalance scores are comparable to international norms.
The developed stimuli are suitable for normative assessment.
These findings support clinical practice and further research in Malay speech pathology.