Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...
Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily in...
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution01:20

Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution

The kidneys concentrate or dilute urine to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Nephrons, particularly the loop of Henle, play a crucial role in this process through the countercurrent multiplication system. This system establishes a high osmolarity in the renal medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption. In the loop of Henle’s descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding medulla due to its permeability to water. In contrast, the ascending limb actively transports...
Roles of Electrolytes: Sodium and Potassium01:24

Roles of Electrolytes: Sodium and Potassium

Sodium plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and overall bodily homeostasis. Sodium balance is primarily regulated by kidney function, which adjusts sodium elimination to match dietary intake and maintain proper electrolyte levels. Sodium is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and is found in salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Although cellular plasma membranes are relatively impermeable to sodium, its role in...
Disorder of Water Balance01:29

Disorder of Water Balance

Water balance disorders are medical conditions that occur when there is a deviation from the body's water volume or osmolarity, disrupting normal homeostasis and leading todehydration, hypotonic hydration, hyperhydration, edema, or water intoxication.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses fluids (particularly water).
Causes:
The major causes of dehydration include excessive sweating, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis.
Signs and Symptoms:
Symptoms primarily include intense...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in patients on peritoneal dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia·2026
Same author

Five-year follow-up sustained remission with rituximab in a patient with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: A case report.

World journal of nephrology·2026
Same author

Preventing Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury with the 4-B Approach: Biomarkers, Bundles, Blood Purification, and Blockage of the Complement Cascade.

Cardiorenal medicine·2026
Same author

Overcorrection of severe hyponatremia, osmotic demyelination syndrome, and mortality: insights from two Brazilian centers.

Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia·2026
Same author

Impact of Kidney Function on the Survival of Patients with Chagas Cardiomyopathy and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators.

Journal of clinical medicine·2025
Same author

Hemodiafiltration versus Hemodialysis in End-Stage Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Kidney medicine·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
07:38

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane

Published on: March 30, 2015

[Hyponatremia: basic concepts and practical approach].

Paulo Novis Rocha1

  • 1Departamento de Medicina e Apoio Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brasil. paulonrocha@ufba. br

Jornal Brasileiro De Nefrologia
|July 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Hyponatremia, a common hospital electrolyte imbalance, is linked to poor outcomes and requires careful management to prevent severe harm. This review covers its causes, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.

More Related Videos

A Novel Approach for the Administration of Medications and Fluids in Emergency Scenarios and Settings
06:59

A Novel Approach for the Administration of Medications and Fluids in Emergency Scenarios and Settings

Published on: November 9, 2016

Application of Electrophysiology Measurement to Study the Activity of Electro-Neutral Transporters
11:51

Application of Electrophysiology Measurement to Study the Activity of Electro-Neutral Transporters

Published on: February 3, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
07:38

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane

Published on: March 30, 2015

A Novel Approach for the Administration of Medications and Fluids in Emergency Scenarios and Settings
06:59

A Novel Approach for the Administration of Medications and Fluids in Emergency Scenarios and Settings

Published on: November 9, 2016

Application of Electrophysiology Measurement to Study the Activity of Electro-Neutral Transporters
11:51

Application of Electrophysiology Measurement to Study the Activity of Electro-Neutral Transporters

Published on: February 3, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Nephrology
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Hyponatremia is the most frequent electrolyte disturbance observed in hospitalized individuals.
  • It is correlated with adverse clinical outcomes, including increased intensive care unit (ICU) admission, prolonged hospital stays, elevated healthcare expenditures, and higher mortality rates.

Observation:

  • The precise causal role of hyponatremia in these negative endpoints remains uncertain; it may serve as an indicator of underlying disease severity.
  • Inadequate management of hyponatremia can lead to significant neurological complications or fatalities.

Findings:

  • This paper elucidates the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hyponatremia.
  • It presents a structured, practical methodology for diagnosing and managing patients with hyponatremia.

Implications:

  • Understanding hyponatremia's pathophysiology is crucial for effective clinical decision-making.
  • A systematic approach to diagnosis and management can mitigate risks associated with this common electrolyte imbalance.
  • This review provides essential knowledge for healthcare professionals managing hyponatremic patients.