Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 30, 2026

Training Dogs for Awake, Unrestrained Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Published on: October 13, 2019
Theory of mind in dogs?: examining method and concept
1Department of Psychology, Barnard College, NY 10027, USA. ahorowit@barnard.edu
Abstract:
In line with other research, Udell, Dorey, and Wynne's (in press) finding that dogs and wolves pass on some trials of a putative theory-of-mind test and fail on others is as informative about the methods and concepts of the research as about the subjects. This commentary expands on these points. The intertrial differences in the target article demonstrate how critical the choice of cues is in experimental design; the intersubject-group differences demonstrate how life histories can interact with experimental design. Even the best-designed theory-of-mind tests have intractable logical problems. Finally, these and previous research results call for the introduction of an intermediate stage of ability, a rudimentary theory of mind, to describe subjects' performance.
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