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Related Concept Videos

Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
Moisture Content and Bulking of Aggregate01:10

Moisture Content and Bulking of Aggregate

The moisture content of aggregates is a crucial factor in construction, particularly in concrete mixing, as it influences the total water required in the mix. Moisture content represents the water coated on the exterior surface of the aggregate existing in a saturated and surface-dry condition. The total water content of a moist aggregate is the sum of its moisture content and water absorption.
When aggregates are exposed to rain or sit in stockpiles, they absorb moisture, which must be...
Slump Test01:20

Slump Test

The slump test is a widely used method to measure the workability of concrete. It employs a 12-inch high truncated cone mold that tapers from eight inches at the base to four inches at the top. Before testing, the mold is securely attached to a flat base and dampened.
Concrete is poured into the mold in three layers to conduct the test. Each layer is compacted 25 times with a steel tamping rod, which has a five-eighths-inch diameter and a rounded end, to ensure even distribution and eliminate...
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II01:09

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II

Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients, maintaining...
Curing Methods01:26

Curing Methods

Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate01:20

Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate

Aggregates contain pores of varying sizes; while some are completely enclosed within the particles, others open onto the surface, allowing water to penetrate. The porosity of aggregates is a major factor contributing to the overall porosity of concrete, given that aggregates constitute about three-quarters of concrete's volume.
When all pores in an aggregate are filled with water, the aggregate is considered saturated and surface-dry. If left in dry air, water will evaporate until the aggregate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Production and Testing of Moisture Behavior and Thermal Properties of Rapeseed Straw and Ganoderma resinaceum Mycelium Bio-Composites
09:39

Production and Testing of Moisture Behavior and Thermal Properties of Rapeseed Straw and Ganoderma resinaceum Mycelium Bio-Composites

Published on: September 5, 2025

Moisture distribution in sludges based on different testing methods.

Wenyi Deng1, Xiaodong Li, Jianhua Yan

  • 1School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China. dengwy@dhu.edu.cn

Journal of Environmental Sciences (China)
|July 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study quantifies moisture in sewage, printing, and paper sludges. Interstitial water comprises over 50% of total moisture, with bond strength increasing as content decreases.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Municipal sewage, printing and dyeing, and paper mill sludges contain significant moisture.
  • Understanding sludge moisture distribution is crucial for dewatering and waste management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate moisture distribution in various industrial sludges.
  • To compare the effectiveness of four different methods for analyzing sludge moisture.
  • To determine the types and bonding characteristics of moisture in dewatered sludges.

Main Methods:

  • Drying test
  • Thermogravimetric-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA)
  • Thermogravimetric-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC)
  • Water activity test

Main Results:

  • Mechanically dewatered sludges contain interstitial, surface, and bound water.
  • Interstitial water constitutes over 50% (wet basis) of the total moisture content.
  • Sludge moisture bond strength increases significantly as moisture content drops below 50% (wet basis).

Conclusions:

  • The drying test effectively quantifies different water fractions (free, interstitial, surface, bound).
  • TG-DSC and TG-DTA tests provide more reliable data on moisture bond strength compared to water activity tests.
  • Accurate moisture characterization is vital for optimizing sludge dewatering processes.