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Related Concept Videos

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...
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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

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Microbiome of the Eye01:22

Microbiome of the Eye

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
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Induction of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Collection of Involved Tissues
06:38

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Published on: August 4, 2022

Sulfur mustard-induced ocular surface disorders.

Alireza Baradaran-Rafii1, Medi Eslani, Scheffer C G Tseng

  • 1Ophthalmic Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. alirbr@gmail.com

The Ocular Surface
|July 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Sulfur mustard (chemical warfare agent) causes severe eye damage, affecting 75-90% of exposed individuals. Chronic ocular inflammation, dry eye, and vision loss can occur, requiring ongoing management.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Toxicology
  • Chemical Warfare Agents

Background:

  • Sulfur mustard is a potent vesicant causing severe ocular injury.
  • The eyes are highly susceptible, with 75-90% of exposed individuals experiencing ocular involvement.
  • Injuries can lead to chronic inflammation or delayed-onset lesions years after exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the ocular manifestations of sulfur mustard exposure.
  • To discuss the clinical features of chronic and delayed ocular injury.
  • To outline current management strategies for sulfur mustard-induced eye damage.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ocular effects of sulfur mustard.
  • Clinical description of chronic and delayed ocular sequelae.
  • Summary of therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Chronic ocular involvement includes blepharitis, dry eye, limbal stem cell deficiency, and corneal changes.
  • Delayed-onset lesions can appear years after an asymptomatic period.
  • Conservative treatments (artificial tears, steroids) are often effective, with surgical options available for severe cases.

Conclusions:

  • Sulfur mustard exposure frequently leads to significant and persistent ocular complications.
  • Early and ongoing management is crucial for mitigating long-term visual impairment.
  • A range of treatments, from conservative to surgical, are employed to manage these injuries.