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Related Concept Videos

Directionality of Nuclear Transport01:42

Directionality of Nuclear Transport

Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration01:32

Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration

A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker proteins that...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons
07:35

Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons

Published on: October 18, 2017

The Ran importin system in cilia trafficking.

Shuling Fan1, Ben Margolis

  • 1University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Organogenesis
|July 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Protein entry into cilia, essential for cell function and linked to diseases like polycystic kidney disease, is regulated by nuclear import machinery, including Ran GTPase and importins.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cilia are crucial microtubule-based organelles involved in various cellular functions.
  • Defects in cilia are associated with polycystic kidney disease and other ciliopathies.
  • Protein transport into cilia is a specialized and tightly regulated process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms governing protein entry into mammalian cilia.
  • To explore the role of nuclear import pathways in regulating ciliary protein localization.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the function of nuclear import proteins in cilia entry.
  • Utilized molecular biology techniques to identify key regulatory factors.

Main Results:

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Cargo Loading onto Kinesin Powered Molecular Shuttles
09:00

Cargo Loading onto Kinesin Powered Molecular Shuttles

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons
07:35

Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons

Published on: October 18, 2017

Application of High-speed Super-resolution SPEED Microscopy in Live Primary Cilium
07:53

Application of High-speed Super-resolution SPEED Microscopy in Live Primary Cilium

Published on: January 16, 2018

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09:00

Cargo Loading onto Kinesin Powered Molecular Shuttles

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  • Identified that proteins involved in nuclear import, specifically the small GTPase Ran and its binding partners (importins), play a role in cilia entry.
  • Demonstrated a functional similarity between nuclear pore and ciliary pore complexes in protein transport regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear import pathways, including Ran GTPase and importins, are critical for regulating protein entry into cilia.
  • The transition zone of cilia acts as a gatekeeper, similar to the nuclear pore, controlling protein access.