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Gender differences in substrate for endurance exercise.

L J Tarnopolsky1, J D MacDougall, S A Atkinson

  • 1Department of Physical Education, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|January 1, 1990
PubMed
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Females utilize more fat and less carbohydrate and protein during prolonged exercise than males. This study investigated gender differences in substrate utilization during endurance exercise.

Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Nutritional Biochemistry
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Understanding gender-specific metabolic responses to exercise is crucial for optimizing training and nutrition strategies.
  • Substrate utilization (carbohydrate vs. fat) during prolonged exercise can differ between sexes, impacting performance and adaptation.
  • Previous research suggests potential sex-based variations in fuel selection during endurance activities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of gender on substrate utilization during prolonged submaximal exercise.
  • To compare carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism between equally trained males and females.
  • To examine hormonal responses in relation to substrate utilization differences during exercise.

Main Methods:

Related Experiment Videos

  • Six males and six females underwent controlled diet and performed 15.5 km treadmill running at ~65% maximal oxygen consumption.
  • Measurements included plasma metabolites (glycerol, glucose, free fatty acids), hormones (catecholamines, growth hormone, insulin, glucagon), respiratory exchange ratio, and muscle glycogen utilization via biopsy.
  • Exercise protein catabolism was assessed by urinary urea nitrogen excretion.

    • Main Results:

    • Males exhibited significantly higher respiratory exchange ratios, indicating greater carbohydrate utilization (25% more muscle glycogen used).
    • Males also showed significantly higher urea nitrogen excretion (30%), suggesting increased protein catabolism.
    • Females demonstrated a greater reliance on lipid utilization, evidenced by lower respiratory exchange ratios and hormonal profiles.

    Conclusions:

    • Females demonstrate greater lipid utilization and less carbohydrate and protein metabolism compared to equally trained males during moderate-intensity, long-duration exercise.
    • These findings highlight significant gender-based differences in fuel selection during endurance exercise.
    • The results have implications for sex-specific nutritional and training recommendations for athletes.