Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Integrative multi-omics reveals a regulatory and exhausted T-cell landscape in CLL and identifies galectin-9 as an immunotherapy target.

Nature communications·2025

Same author

Refinement of intermediate-risk Karyotypes according to the IPSS-R in patients with myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS).

Annals of hematology·2025

Same author

Critical Casimir levitation of colloids above a bull's-eye pattern.

The Journal of chemical physics·2024

Same author

Nanoalignment by critical Casimir torques.

Nature communications·2024

Same author

Presentation of Meibomian Acini Compared to Dermal Papillae of the Eyelid Margin, Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and Corresponding Histology.

Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde·2024

Same author

Critical Casimir forces in soft matter.

Soft matter·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Magnetization of multicomponent ferrofluids.

I Szalai¹, S Dietrich

¹Institute of Physics and Mechatronics, University of Pannonia, H-8201 Veszprém, PO Box 158, Hungary. szalai@almos.vein.hu

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal

|July 29, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a density functional theory for ferrofluid mixtures, providing an analytical solution for magnetization under external fields. This theory accurately predicts magnetic properties, matching simulation data.

More Related Videos

Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition

Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition

Published on: February 5, 2022

Synthesis of Cationized Magnetoferritin for Ultra-fast Magnetization of Cells

Synthesis of Cationized Magnetoferritin for Ultra-fast Magnetization of Cells

Published on: December 13, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition

Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition

Published on: February 5, 2022

Synthesis of Cationized Magnetoferritin for Ultra-fast Magnetization of Cells

Synthesis of Cationized Magnetoferritin for Ultra-fast Magnetization of Cells

Published on: December 13, 2016

Area of Science:

Statistical mechanics
Physical chemistry
Materials science

Background:

Ferrofluid mixtures exhibit complex magnetic behavior influenced by external fields.
Existing theories often lack analytical solutions for magnetization in multicomponent systems.
The mean spherical approximation (MSA) provides a framework for understanding fluid behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a density functional theory (DFT) for ferrofluidic mixtures that includes external fields.
To derive an analytical expression for the external field dependence of magnetization.
To validate the DFT against simulation data.

Main Methods:

Utilizing the solution of the MSA integral equation for isotropic multicomponent dipolar hard sphere fluids.
Constructing a DFT based on a second-order Taylor series expansion of the free energy density functional.
Comparing theoretical predictions with canonical ensemble Monte Carlo simulation results.

Main Results:

An analytical expression for the external field dependence of magnetization was obtained.
The DFT results show quantitative agreement with Monte Carlo simulation data.
The theory successfully models the magnetic properties of ferrofluidic mixtures.

Conclusions:

The developed DFT accurately predicts the magnetization of ferrofluidic mixtures in external fields.
The analytical approach offers a computationally efficient alternative to simulations.
This work advances the understanding of magnetic fluid behavior.