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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
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Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned under...

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Induction of Cerebral Arterial Gas Embolism in Rat
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Devastating cerebral air embolism after central line removal.

Diane K Clark1, Evelyn Plaizier

  • 1Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT, USA. dianekclark@hotmail.com

The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses
|July 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

A cerebral air embolism caused neurological complications in an elderly patient after central venous catheter removal. This case highlights the need for consistent, dependable protocols to prevent such rare but serious events.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Vascular Surgery

Background:

  • Air embolism is a known complication associated with central venous catheter use.
  • Despite established protocols, preventable errors leading to air embolism still occur.
  • This case report focuses on neurological sequelae from a cerebral air embolism during central venous catheter removal.

Observation:

  • An 84-year-old male presented with acute stroke symptoms and seizures.
  • The patient's symptoms emerged after the removal of a central venous catheter.
  • The clinical presentation suggested a cerebral air embolism.

Findings:

  • Central venous catheter removal can precipitate cerebral air embolism.
  • Neurological complications, including stroke and seizures, are potential outcomes.
  • This event underscores the critical importance of meticulous catheter removal procedures.

Implications:

  • Increased utilization of central venous catheters necessitates enhanced awareness and training.
  • Consistent and dependable practice guidelines are crucial for preventing air embolism.
  • Improving knowledge and adherence to protocols can mitigate risks associated with central venous catheter procedures.