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Related Concept Videos

The Contractile Ring02:15

The Contractile Ring

Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
A small GTPase, RhoA, controls the function and assembly of the contractile ring. RhoA belongs to the Ras superfamily of proteins. The activation of formins by RhoA promotes...
The Contractile Ring02:15

The Contractile Ring

Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
A small GTPase, RhoA, controls the function and assembly of the contractile ring. RhoA belongs to the Ras superfamily of proteins. The activation of formins by RhoA promotes...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:26

Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:24

Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Cytokinetic Events in Fission Yeast
11:19

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Cytokinetic Events in Fission Yeast

Published on: February 20, 2017

Kinetics of ring formation.

E Ben-Naim1, P L Krapivsky

  • 1Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|July 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores reversible ring polymerization, revealing a percolation transition. A novel card-shuffling algorithm simulates this process, showing macroscopic rings dominate in a giant-ring phase.

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Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization
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Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
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Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Statistical Physics
  • Stochastic Processes

Background:

  • Reversible polymerization involves monomers forming and breaking bonds, leading to dynamic changes in molecular structures.
  • Ring formation and dynamics are crucial in polymer science, influencing material properties.
  • Understanding aggregation-fragmentation processes is key to predicting polymer behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the stochastic process of reversible ring polymerization.
  • To identify and characterize the phases and transitions within this system.
  • To develop and validate a simulation method for ring formation dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Stochastic modeling of monomer bonding and ring aggregation/fragmentation.
  • Analysis of percolation transitions and phase behavior (finite-ring vs. giant-ring).
  • Development of a card-shuffling algorithm for efficient system simulation.

Main Results:

  • The system exhibits a percolation transition, separating microscopic and macroscopic ring phases.
  • In the giant-ring phase, total mass is deterministic, but ring number and size are stochastic.
  • Macroscopic ring size distribution is universal, with average number scaling logarithmically with system size.

Conclusions:

  • Reversible ring polymerization displays complex emergent behavior, including distinct phases.
  • The giant-ring phase is characterized by universal statistical properties.
  • The proposed card-shuffling algorithm accurately simulates and verifies theoretical predictions for this system.