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Diffusion

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...

Diffusion

Diffusion

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the concentration...

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models

Physiological pharmacokinetic models, often called flow-limited or perfusion models, typically assume a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood, creating a rapid drug equilibrium. This premise is based on the idea that drug diffusion is extremely fast, and the cell membrane presents no barrier to drug permeation. In this scenario, where no drug binding occurs, the drug concentration in the tissue equals that of the venous blood leaving the tissue. This greatly simplifies the...

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow

The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow

Published on: May 1, 2018

Subdiffusion due to strange nonchaotic dynamics: a numerical study.

Takahito Mitsui¹

¹FIRST, Aihara Innovative Mathematical Modelling Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan. mitsui@sat.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|July 30, 2011

Summary

This study reveals how diffusion changes in complex systems. Strange nonchaotic dynamics lead to subdiffusion, while chaotic dynamics result in normal diffusion.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow

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Published on: May 1, 2018

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

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Area of Science:

Physics
Nonlinear Dynamics
Complex Systems

Background:

Quasiperiodic forcing in spatially periodic systems leads to complex dynamics.
Understanding diffusion in such systems is crucial for various scientific fields.

Purpose of the Study:

To numerically investigate diffusion phenomena in quasiperiodically forced systems.
To analyze the transition of diffusion types across different dynamical regimes.

Main Methods:

Numerical simulations using a lifted quasiperiodically forced circle map.
Numerical simulations of a quasiperiodically forced damped pendulum.
Fractal time-series analysis to characterize diffusion properties.

Main Results:

Identified quasiperiodic, strange nonchaotic, and chaotic dynamics.
Observed deterministic diffusion in strange nonchaotic and chaotic regimes.
Characterized a transition from logarithmic to subdiffusion in the strange nonchaotic regime, and normal diffusion in the chaotic regime.

Conclusions:

Subdiffusion in strange nonchaotic dynamics is attributed to antipersistence.
The type of diffusion is strongly dependent on the system's dynamical regime.
These findings advance the understanding of diffusion in complex, quasiperiodically driven systems.