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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

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Published on: March 29, 2016

g factor of hydrogenlike ²⁸Si¹³⁺.

S Sturm¹, A Wagner, B Schabinger

¹Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

Physical Review Letters

|July 30, 2011

Summary

Scientists measured the electron g factor in silicon-28 ions using a Penning trap. The experimental value precisely matches theoretical predictions, validating quantum electrodynamics calculations for bound states.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

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Published on: February 11, 2012

Area of Science:

Atomic Physics
Quantum Electrodynamics
High-Precision Measurements

Background:

The electron g factor is a fundamental constant in quantum mechanics.
Bound-state quantum electrodynamics (QED) calculations are crucial for understanding atomic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally determine the g factor of an electron bound in hydrogenlike ²⁸Si¹³⁺.
To test the accuracy of advanced QED calculations in a strong electromagnetic field.

Main Methods:

Confining a single hydrogenlike ²⁸Si¹³⁺ ion in a cylindrical Penning trap.
Measuring the ratio of the ion's cyclotron frequency to its spin flip frequency.

Main Results:

The experimental g factor was determined to be 1.995 348 958 7(5)(3)(8).
This value shows excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction of 1.995 348 958 0(17).

Conclusions:

The precise agreement validates state-of-the-art QED calculations, including two-loop contributions.
This experiment serves as a stringent test of bound-state QED theory.