Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Pineal Gland01:02

The Pineal Gland

The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
The primary secretion of the pineal gland is the hormone melatonin, derived from serotonin. The concentration of melatonin in the...
Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Serum proteomic and single-cell transcriptomic profiling reveals immunoproteomic features distinguishing early-stage mycosis fungoides from atopic dermatitis.

The Journal of investigative dermatology·2026
Same author

The PBAF chromatin remodeling complex contributes to metal homeostasis through MTF1 regulation.

Metallomics : integrated biometal science·2026
Same author

Dry-Etched Oxide Templates Enable Scalable and Waste-Free Synthesis of Graphene-Based Aeromaterials.

ACS applied engineering materials·2026
Same author

Tumour location and mismatch repair status impact gene expression profiles associated with lymph node metastases in T1 colon cancers.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Whole Blood Transcriptomic Response to Perioperative Dexamethasone in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Targeted Panel Analysis.

Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica·2026
Same author

Serum proteomic changes in atopic dermatitis patients treated with cyclosporine.

PloS one·2026
Same journal

The Converging Effects of Different Categories of Antidepressants on the Brain: A Systematic Meta-Analysis of Public Transcriptional Profiling Data From the Hippocampus and Cortex.

Journal of neurochemistry·2026
Same journal

Splice Type-Specific Effects of Gαo Subunits on Cerebellar Anatomy and Synapse Formation.

Journal of neurochemistry·2026
Same journal

Neurobiological and Behavioral Consequences of Prenatal Methadone or Buprenorphine Exposure: Insight From Animal Models.

Journal of neurochemistry·2026
Same journal

Parkinson's Disease Cell Transplantation Therapy: A New Dawn With Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Therapy.

Journal of neurochemistry·2026
Same journal

Neural Organoid Models as a Platform for Studying Disease Mechanisms in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Journal of neurochemistry·2026
Same journal

LRRK2 Mutation Alters Dopamine D2 Receptor Localization in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Astrocytes From Parkinson's Disease Patients: Implications for Neuronal Damage.

Journal of neurochemistry·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
09:32

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

Crx broadly modulates the pineal transcriptome.

Louise Rovsing1, Samuel Clokie, Diego M Bustos

  • 1Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Journal of Neurochemistry
|July 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cone-rod homeobox (Crx) is crucial for pineal gland gene expression. Crx deletion significantly alters the mouse pineal transcriptome and day/night gene regulation, impacting many genes, including Hoxc4.

More Related Videos

Manipulation of Gene Function in Mexican Cavefish
07:01

Manipulation of Gene Function in Mexican Cavefish

Published on: April 22, 2019

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters
10:38

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters

Published on: September 27, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
09:32

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

Manipulation of Gene Function in Mexican Cavefish
07:01

Manipulation of Gene Function in Mexican Cavefish

Published on: April 22, 2019

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters
10:38

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters

Published on: September 27, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cone-rod homeobox (Crx) is a transcription factor found in retinal photoreceptors and pinealocytes.
  • Previous studies have investigated Crx's role in specific genes within the pineal gland.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the global influence of Crx on the mammalian pineal gland transcriptome.
  • To examine the effect of Crx deletion on daily gene expression patterns in the pineal gland.

Main Methods:

  • Light and electron microscopy were used to assess pineal morphology.
  • Microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qRTPCR) technologies were employed to analyze gene expression.
  • Gene expression analysis was performed on wild-type and Crx-deficient (Crx⁻/⁻) mouse pineal glands.

Main Results:

  • Crx deletion did not affect pineal gland morphology.
  • Crx deletion broadly modulated the mouse pineal transcriptome, with 543 genes downregulated and 745 genes upregulated (>2-fold, p<0.05).
  • Hoxc4 was significantly upregulated (18-fold) in Crx-deficient pineal glands. Daily gene expression patterns were altered, with fewer genes showing differential day/night expression in Crx⁻/⁻ mice, but 41 new genes exhibited differential night/day expression.

Conclusions:

  • Crx plays a significant role in modulating the overall transcriptome of the mammalian pineal gland.
  • Crx influences differential gene expression between day and night in the pineal gland.
  • The observed effects of Crx deletion on the pineal transcriptome may be partly mediated by the upregulation of Hoxc4.