Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Morphogenesis

Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.

Neurulation

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...

Cleavage and Blastulation

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.

The Hyoid Bone

The Hyoid Bone

The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...

Gastrulation

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...

Veins of Thorax

Veins of Thorax

The azygos system is a crucial part of the body's circulatory system and drains most of the thorax. It comprises the azygos, hemiazygos, and accessory hemiazygos veins.
The azygos vein, positioned just right of the midline and anterior to the vertebral column, begins at the junction of the right ascending lumbar and subcostal veins, terminating in the superior vena cava. This vein drains blood from the right side of the thoracic wall, thoracic viscera, and posterior abdominal wall.
The...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Ecofriendly synthesis of iron nanoparticles and their role in mitigation of multiple abiotic stresses in fish.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Curcumin as a protective agent against chromium and ammonia toxicity using molecular and biochemical approaches in fish.

Scientific reports·2025

Same author

Integrating immunity, antioxidative status, and gene regulation against nickel and high-temperature stress in fish: selenium nanoparticles for mitigation.

Environmental science and pollution research international·2025

Same author

TGF-β signaling molecules in <i>Hydra</i>: role of BMP and BMP inhibitors during pattern formation.

The International journal of developmental biology·2024

Same author

Identification and characterization of multidomain monothiol glutaredoxin 3 from diploblastic Hydra.

Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology·2024

Same author

Dietary manganese nano-particles improves gene regulation and biochemical attributes for mitigation of lead and ammonia toxicity in fish.

Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

Published on: September 11, 2014

Evo-devo: Hydra raises its Noggin.

Kalpana Chandramore¹, Surendra Ghaskadbi

¹Division of Animal Sciences, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411 004, India.

Journal of Biosciences

|July 30, 2011

Summary

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor Noggin is crucial for embryonic development. Its antagonism with BMP predates bilateral divergence, indicating an ancient evolutionary role in pattern formation.

Area of Science:

Evolutionary developmental biology
Molecular biology
Genetics

Background:

Noggin and other bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitors are vital for embryonic development, influencing neural tube patterning, somitogenesis, and skeletal formation.
The BMP signaling pathway is fundamental to embryonic development and pattern formation across animals.
Understanding the evolutionary origins of BMP-Noggin antagonism is key to evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo).

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the evolutionary origin of BMP-Noggin antagonism using hydra as a model organism.
To explore the conserved function of Noggin across different species.

Main Methods:

Cloning and characterization of the hydra noggin gene.
Microinjection of hydra Noggin mRNA into Xenopus embryos.

More Related Videos

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

Published on: July 7, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

Published on: September 11, 2014

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

Published on: July 7, 2017

Comparative analysis of Noggin orthologues.

Main Results:

The hydra noggin gene shows significant amino acid similarity to orthologues in other species.
Microinjection of hydra Noggin mRNA induced duplication of the dorsoventral axis in Xenopus embryos, confirming functional conservation.
Evidence suggests that the BMP-Noggin antagonism is evolutionarily conserved and predates the divergence of bilateral animals.

Conclusions:

The BMP-Noggin antagonism is an ancient mechanism predating bilateral symmetry.
Noggin plays a conserved role in embryonic development across diverse taxa.
Hydra serves as a valuable model for studying the evolution of developmental signaling pathways.