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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Real-Time Measurement of the Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Profile of Neutrophils
09:39

Real-Time Measurement of the Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Profile of Neutrophils

Published on: June 2, 2023

Mitochondria in innate immunity.

Damien Arnoult1, Fraser Soares, Ivan Tattoli

  • 1INSERM U, Hopital Paul Brousse, Batiment Lavoisier, Villejuif, France.

EMBO Reports
|July 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondria are central to innate immunity, linking cellular metabolism and cell death to immune signaling pathways. Damaged mitochondria release alarmins, activating inflammation and highlighting their crucial role in host defense.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondria are key organelles for cellular metabolism and programmed cell death.
  • Innate immune signaling pathways are critical for host defense against pathogens.
  • The role of mitochondria in innate immunity is an emerging area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of mitochondria as a central hub in innate immune signaling.
  • To review the known interactions between mitochondrial proteins and innate immune pathways.
  • To highlight the significance of mitochondrial alarmins in triggering inflammatory responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating mitochondrial involvement in innate immunity.
  • Analysis of the functional association of innate immune molecules with mitochondria.

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  • Examination of the mechanisms by which mitochondrial components act as immune signals.

    • Main Results:

    • MAVS, an adaptor for RIG-I-like receptor signaling, is anchored to mitochondria.
    • Other innate immune molecules like NLRX1, TRAF6, NLRP3, and IRGM are functionally linked to mitochondria.
    • Mitochondrial DNA and formyl peptides released from damaged mitochondria act as alarmins, initiating inflammation.

    Conclusions:

    • Mitochondria play a fundamental role in innate immune signaling.
    • The integration of metabolic and cell death pathways with immune responses is mediated by mitochondria.
    • Mitochondria represent a critical platform for sensing cellular damage and initiating immune activation.