Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

Polyprotic Acids

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation constant (Ka). Each successive Ka is weaker than the previous one. In the titration of a polyprotic acid like sulfurous acid with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the initial ionizable proton, forming an intermediate species (e.g., hydrogen sulfite ions). This step's titration curve resembles that of a weak monoprotic...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Ion Exchange

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

Ions as Acids and Bases

Ions as Acids and Bases

Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Synthesis and crystal structure determination of aluminium hydroxide methane-sulfonate, Al(OH)(CH<sub>3</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2026

Same author

Anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of the styrylpyrone-class polyphenol hypholomine B from <i>Tropicoporus linteus</i> (syn. <i>Phellinus linteus</i>) HN00K9.

Natural product research·2026

Same author

Synthesis of filled β-Mn-type ternary tellurides using a boron-tellurium reaction mixture.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026

Same author

Synthesis and Characterization of RE<sub>3</sub>LiSiSe<sub>7</sub> (RE = La-Nd, Sm, Gd, and Tb) Exhibiting Enhanced Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Properties.

Inorganic chemistry·2026

Same author

Centrosymmetric to noncentrosymmetric structure transition of the RbREP<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>6</sub> (RE = La-Nd, Sm, Ho-Yb) series: crystal growth, magnetic and optical properties.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026

Same author

Synthesis, Crystal Growth, and Optical and Magnetic Properties of Three Bimetallic Thiocyanates: Na<sub>2</sub>Zn(NCS)<sub>4</sub>·8H<sub>2</sub>O, K<sub>2</sub>Zn(NCS)<sub>4</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O, and (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Co(NCS)<sub>4</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O.

Inorganic chemistry·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

"A" cation polarity control in ACuTe2O7 (A = Sr2+, Ba2+, or Pb2+).

Jeongho Yeon¹, Sang-Hwan Kim, Michael A Hayward

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 136 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA.

Inorganic Chemistry

|August 2, 2011

Summary

The synthesis of ACuTe(2)O(7) compounds revealed that BaCuTe(2)O(7) is noncentrosymmetric and polar, exhibiting piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties. SrCuTe(2)O(7) and PbCuTe(2)O(7) are centrosymmetric, lacking these polar characteristics.

More Related Videos

Phase-Dependent Control of Trap Depth and Persistent Luminescence in Strontium Aluminate Phosphors

Phase-Dependent Control of Trap Depth and Persistent Luminescence in Strontium Aluminate Phosphors

Published on: December 5, 2025

A Dual-Functional Electroactive Filter Towards Simultaneously Sb(III) Oxidation and Sequestration

A Dual-Functional Electroactive Filter Towards Simultaneously Sb(III) Oxidation and Sequestration

Published on: December 5, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

Phase-Dependent Control of Trap Depth and Persistent Luminescence in Strontium Aluminate Phosphors

Phase-Dependent Control of Trap Depth and Persistent Luminescence in Strontium Aluminate Phosphors

Published on: December 5, 2025

A Dual-Functional Electroactive Filter Towards Simultaneously Sb(III) Oxidation and Sequestration

A Dual-Functional Electroactive Filter Towards Simultaneously Sb(III) Oxidation and Sequestration

Published on: December 5, 2019

Area of Science:

Solid-state chemistry
Materials science
Crystallography

Background:

Layered transition metal tellurates offer potential for novel electronic and optical properties.
The influence of alkaline earth or divalent metal cations (A) on the structural and polar properties of ACuTe(2)O(7) is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize ACuTe(2)O(7) compounds where A = Sr(2+), Ba(2+), or Pb(2+).
To investigate the structural, polar, and physical properties of these materials.
To understand the role of the 'A' cation in determining the material's polarity and potential applications.

Main Methods:

Solid-state synthesis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Infrared (IR) and UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), magnetic susceptibility measurements.
Second-harmonic generation (SHG), piezoelectric, and polarization measurements for BaCuTe(2)O(7).

Main Results:

SrCuTe(2)O(7) and PbCuTe(2)O(7) were found to be centrosymmetric and isostructural (space group Pbcm).
BaCuTe(2)O(7) crystallizes in a noncentrosymmetric polar structure (space group Pbcm) with [CuTe(2)O(7)](2-) layers.
BaCuTe(2)O(7) exhibits a moderate SHG efficiency (~70 × α-SiO(2)), a piezoelectric charge coefficient of 49 pm/V, and a pyroelectric coefficient of -9.5 μC/m(2)·K at 90 °C.
BaCuTe(2)O(7) was determined to be non-ferroelectric, as its macroscopic polarization is not reversible.

Conclusions:

The 'A' cation significantly influences the structural symmetry and polar properties of ACuTe(2)O(7) compounds.
BaCuTe(2)O(7) is a polar material with potential applications in nonlinear optics and piezoelectric devices.
The study provides insights into structure-property relationships in layered tellurates, guided by bond valence analysis.