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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
Copy number variations or CNVs are the structural variations that cover more than 1kb of DNA sequence. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), on the other hand, is a single nucleotide change or a point mutation that is found in more than 1%...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
Point and Frameshift Mutations01:30

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point mutations are genetic alterations involving the change of a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. Depending on how the alteration affects protein synthesis, they can lead to various consequences.Point mutations fall into the following types:Silent mutations occur when a nucleotide change does not alter the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. For instance, changing ACC to ACA still encodes threonine, leaving the protein function unaffected. This occurs because...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

LINE-1 elements in structural variation and disease.

Christine R Beck1, José Luis Garcia-Perez, Richard M Badge

  • 1Department of Human Genetics, University of MIchigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5618, USA. cregina@umich.edu

Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
|August 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable elements, once ignored as "junk DNA," are now recognized as crucial genome shapers. Their continued activity, especially LINE-1 elements, influences genome structure and can cause disease.

More Related Videos

RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level
11:04

RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level

Published on: May 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level
11:04

RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level

Published on: May 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Human Genetics

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) were historically underestimated in their role in genome evolution.
  • The completion of the human genome reference sequence facilitated new discoveries regarding TEs.
  • TEs, including LINE-1 and SINEs, are active and can impact genome structure and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the types and mobility mechanisms of human transposable elements.
  • To highlight the impact of technological advancements on discovering novel retrotransposons.
  • To discuss the implications of LINE-1 retrotransposition in human genomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on human transposable elements.
  • Analysis of genomic data enabled by advanced sequencing technologies.
  • Discussion of retrotransposition mechanisms and their genomic consequences.

Main Results:

  • Identification and classification of various transposable elements in the human genome.
  • Demonstration of the significant role of TEs in shaping genome structure and function.
  • Evidence of ongoing TE activity and its association with human diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Transposable elements are integral components of the human genome, not mere "junk DNA."
  • Modern genomic technologies are crucial for uncovering the diversity and impact of retrotransposons.
  • LINE-1 activity remains a significant factor influencing human genome dynamics and health.