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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...

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Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster
09:39

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: August 21, 2014

The evolution of RNAs with multiple functions.

Marcel E Dinger1, Dennis K Gascoigne, John S Mattick

  • 1Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. m.dinger@uq.edu.au

Biochimie
|August 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many eukaryotic genes perform dual roles, encoding both proteins and regulatory information. This study explores the evolutionary origins and mechanisms of this dual-functionality in gene expression.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Increasingly, transcripts are recognized for dual roles, encoding both protein and regulatory information.
  • This challenges traditional gene concepts and necessitates understanding the evolutionary basis of dual encoding in eukaryotic genomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extent and evolutionary reasons for dual protein-coding and regulatory functions of transcripts across the genome.
  • To explore hypotheses regarding secondary selection for regulatory capabilities, gene duplication events, transcript processing, and novel protein emergence from regulatory RNA loci.

Main Methods:

  • Review of evolutionary paths of genes from early RNA-based life.
  • Analysis of transcriptomic surveys in complex eukaryotes.
  • Reconsideration of existing observations on transcriptomic functions.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests a dynamic flux between protein-coding and regulatory RNA functions over evolutionary time.
  • Observations in complex eukaryotes support the notion of loci expressing transcripts with multiple functions.
  • Hypotheses regarding secondary selection, gene duplication, and transcript processing are supported by current data.

Conclusions:

  • Many eukaryotic loci possess the capacity for multiple, overlapping functions as both regulatory and protein-coding RNAs.
  • This highlights a complex regulatory architecture evolved for precise gene expression in development.
  • The study posits a dynamic interplay between different informational RNA types in evolution and in real-time gene regulation.