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Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...

Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...

Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

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Finite Element Analysis Model for Assessing Expansion Patterns from Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion

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Published on: October 20, 2023

Longitudinal growth changes in subjects with deepbite.

Tiziano Baccetti¹, Lorenzo Franchi, James A McNamara

¹Department of Orthodontics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics

|August 2, 2011

Summary

Deepbite (overbite >4.5 mm) often worsens in childhood but significantly improves during adolescence. Most subjects experienced overbite correction, highlighting the importance of orthodontic treatment timing.

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Published on: October 27, 2023

Area of Science:

Orthodontics
Craniofacial Growth
Dental Development

Background:

Deepbite, defined as an overbite exceeding 4.5 mm, presents a common orthodontic challenge.
Longitudinal cephalometric studies are crucial for understanding natural dentofacial development in untreated individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate longitudinal growth changes in untreated subjects with deepbite.
To identify developmental periods influencing overbite changes.
To provide insights into optimal orthodontic treatment timing for deepbite.

Main Methods:

Cephalometric analysis of lateral cephalograms from 29 untreated deepbite subjects.
Longitudinal tracking from early mixed dentition to young adulthood (approx. 9-18 years).
Utilized cervical vertebral maturation method and nonparametric statistical analysis.

Main Results:

Overbite improved by an average of 1.3 mm from initial to final measurements.
A significant worsening of overbite occurred during the prepubertal phase, followed by significant improvement during the pubertal growth spurt.
Overbite improved in 83% of subjects and self-corrected in 62%, influenced by initial maxillary incisor proclination and mandibular growth.

Conclusions:

Untreated deepbite subjects experience worsening occlusal conditions in early developmental stages but show significant improvement later.
Skeletal vertical relationships do not reliably predict overbite improvement.
Findings offer valuable guidance for timing orthodontic interventions for deepbite correction.