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Related Concept Videos

The Retina01:32

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Fabrication of Flexible Image Sensor Based on Lateral NIPIN Phototransistors
09:59

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Published on: June 23, 2018

Wide-dynamic-range APS-based silicon retina with brightness constancy.

Kazuhiro Shimonomura1, Seiji Kameda, Atsushi Iwata

  • 1Department of Robotics, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan. skazu@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp

IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
|August 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a novel silicon retina, an intelligent vision sensor, designed for robust performance under varying light conditions. The advanced chip ensures consistent image processing and a wide dynamic range, mimicking biological vision systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuromorphic Engineering
  • Computer Vision
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Biological retinas process visual information efficiently, adapting to diverse lighting conditions.
  • Existing artificial vision sensors often struggle with robustness to illumination changes.
  • Mimicking retinal circuitry offers a path to advanced intelligent vision sensors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate a silicon retina with enhanced robustness to illumination variations.
  • To achieve a wide dynamic range and constant response in an intelligent vision sensor.
  • To implement real-time image preprocessing inspired by vertebrate retinal neuronal circuits.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a silicon retina based on a computational model of brightness constancy.
  • Utilized a time-modulated reset voltage technique for logarithmic illumination-to-voltage transfer characteristics.
  • Integrated resistive networks and sample/hold circuits for spatial filtering and frame differencing.

Main Results:

  • The fabricated silicon retina demonstrates a wide dynamic range.
  • The sensor exhibits a constant response across a broad spectrum of illumination intensities.
  • Achieved brightness constancy through integrated image processing techniques.

Conclusions:

  • The novel silicon retina effectively mimics biological vision for robust image sensing.
  • The chip's design provides consistent performance under challenging, variable lighting conditions.
  • This intelligent vision sensor advances neuromorphic engineering applications.