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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting their diffusion into...
Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the concentration...
Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...

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Multicomponent diffusion in nanosystems.

Umberto Marini Bettolo Marconi1, Simone Melchionna

  • 1Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologie, UniversitĂ  di Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, INFN Perugia, Italy. umberto.marinibettolo@unicam.it

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|August 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study analyzes fluid mixture diffusion using kinetic and density functional theories. The lattice Boltzmann method reveals how particle interactions affect transport properties, including diffusion under shear flow.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Understanding atomic-scale transport in inhomogeneous fluid mixtures is crucial.
  • Liquid state theory provides frameworks for analyzing molecular interactions and dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze diffusive transport in spatially inhomogeneous fluid mixtures.
  • To investigate the interplay between structural and dynamical properties at the atomic scale.

Main Methods:

  • Combined kinetic theory and density functional theory.
  • Implemented a numerical method using the lattice Boltzmann approach.
  • Derived closed kinetic equations for species' phase space distribution functions.

Main Results:

  • Analyzed effective molecular fields from self-consistent approximations.
  • Showcased that attractive potentials influence diffusivity and thermodynamics, not viscosity.
  • Presented numerical data on mutual diffusion in quiescent and shear flow conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a practical scheme for solving kinetic equations via lattice Boltzmann discretization.
  • Demonstrated Taylor dispersion effects induced by shear flow in multispecies diffusion.