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Related Concept Videos

Colloids and Suspensions01:17

Colloids and Suspensions

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
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General Properties of Solutions

Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed.
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The free energy change associated with dissolving a solute in a liter of solvent is called the free energy of a solution, ΔGsolution. The overall ΔGsolution is expressed as the balance of ΔGinteraction against the always-favorable free-energy of mixing, ΔGmixing. Solution formation is favorable if  ΔGsolution is less than zero, whereas it is unfavorable if ΔGsolution is greater than zero. In short, for a solution to form and complete dissolution to take place, the Gibbs energy change must be...
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Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions

Nonideal liquid solutions, also known as real solutions, do not strictly follow Raoult's law. Raoult's law is a rule of thumb in physical chemistry. However, not all mixtures adhere to this law due to varying molecular interactions. For example, in an acetone/chloroform solution, the individual vapor pressures of the components are lower than expected, resulting in a total vapor pressure below that predicted by Raoult's law, causing a negative deviation.On the other hand, in an ethanol/water...
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The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...
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Analyzing Mixing Inhomogeneity in a Microfluidic Device by Microscale Schlieren Technique
10:12

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Published on: June 12, 2015

Local fluctuations in solution mixtures.

Elizabeth A Ploetz1, Paul E Smith

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|August 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study extends Kirkwood-Buff theory to include particle-energy and energy-energy fluctuations in solutions. These new quantities offer deeper insights into solution behavior and can refine computational models.

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Traditional Kirkwood-Buff (KB) theory characterizes solution mixtures using particle-particle fluctuations.
  • Existing methods provide limited insight into local energetic interactions within solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the Kirkwood-Buff theory by introducing new fluctuating quantities.
  • To express particle-energy and energy-energy fluctuations in terms of experimentally measurable properties.
  • To analyze solution behavior using these extended theoretical frameworks.

Main Methods:

  • Developed theoretical expressions for particle-energy and energy-energy fluctuations.
  • Applied the extended KB theory to analyze experimental data for various systems.

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  • Included pure water, pure liquids, and binary mixtures (methanol-water, benzene-methanol, aqueous NaCl).

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully derived expressions for particle-energy and energy-energy fluctuations.
    • Demonstrated the applicability of the extended theory to diverse liquid systems.
    • Obtained insights into the local properties of multicomponent solutions.

    Conclusions:

    • The extended Kirkwood-Buff theory provides novel fluctuating quantities for characterizing solutions.
    • Particle-energy and energy-energy fluctuations offer complementary information to particle-particle fluctuations.
    • These fluctuations can be utilized to validate and improve force fields for molecular simulations.