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Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Real-time In Vivo Recording of Arabidopsis Calcium Signals During Insect Feeding Using a Fluorescent Biosensor

Real-time In Vivo Recording of Arabidopsis Calcium Signals During Insect Feeding Using a Fluorescent Biosensor

Published on: August 15, 2017

Enhanced dynamic range in a genetically encoded Ca2+ sensor.

Shun Liu¹, Jun He, Honglin Jin

¹Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

|August 3, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed an advanced genetically encoded sensor for improved optical imaging. The new 3xCFP/cpVenus FRET pair offers a significantly larger dynamic range for detecting molecules like calcium.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Real-time In Vivo Recording of Arabidopsis Calcium Signals During Insect Feeding Using a Fluorescent Biosensor

Real-time In Vivo Recording of Arabidopsis Calcium Signals During Insect Feeding Using a Fluorescent Biosensor

Published on: August 15, 2017

Monitoring ER/SR Calcium Release with the Targeted Ca2+ Sensor CatchER+

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Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Imaging Ca²⁺ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Published on: May 6, 2015

Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Molecular Biology
Optical Imaging

Background:

Genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) indicators are crucial for real-time biological monitoring.
Existing FRET sensors often have limited efficiency and dynamic range, hindering sensitive detection.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer novel fluorescent protein mutants with enhanced FRET efficiency.
To develop a new FRET pair with a superior dynamic range for improved optical imaging and screening applications.

Main Methods:

Utilized DNA shuffling to create and optimize a new FRET pair, 3xCFP/Venus.
Engineered a circularly permuted Venus (cpVenus) linked with 3xCFP to create a Ca(2+) indicator (3xCFP/cpVenus).
Validated the indicator's performance in PC12 cells against established sensors.

Main Results:

The novel 3xCFP/Venus FRET pair demonstrated higher FRET ratios compared to existing pairs like CyPet/YPet.
The 3xCFP/cpVenus indicator exhibited an approximately 11-fold dynamic range change in response to Ca(2+) binding.
This represents the largest dynamic range reported for genetically encoded sensors to date.

Conclusions:

The developed 3xCFP/cpVenus FRET pair significantly enhances dynamic range for Ca(2+) detection.
This advanced sensor enables more sensitive FRET-based detection and optical imaging.
The engineered FRET pair holds promise for sensitive molecular detection and screening applications.