Modulation of YY1 and p53 expression by transforming growth factor-β3 in prostate cell lines

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the prototype of a family of secreted polypeptide growth factors. These cytokines play very important roles during development, as well as in normal physiological and disease processes, by regulating a wide array of cellular processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix production. TGF-β utilizes a multitude of intracellular signalling pathways in addition to Smads with actions that are dependent on circumstances, including dose, target cell type, and context. The aims of this research were (i) to verify the effects of dose-dependent TGF-β3 treatment on YY1 and p53 expression, in BPH-1 cell line, human benign prostate hyperplasia, and two prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP, which is androgen-sensitive, and DU-145, which is androgen-non responsive, (ii) establish a correlation between p53 and YY1 and (iii) determine the expression of a number of important intracellular signalling pathways in TGF-β3-treated prostate cell lines. The expression of YY1, p53, PI3K, AKT, pAKT, PTEN, Bcl-2, Bax, and iNOS was evaluated through Western blot analysis on BPH-1, LNCaP, and DU-145 cultures treated with 10 and 50 ng/ml of TGF-β3 for 24 h. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was determined by Griess reagent and cell viability through MTT assay. The results of this research demonstrated profound differences in the responses of the BPH-1, LNCaP, and DU-145 cell lines to TGF-β3 stimulation. We believe that the findings could be important because of the clinical relevance that they may assume and the therapeutic implications for TGF-β treatment of prostate cancer.