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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Flail Chest-II01:26

Flail Chest-II

Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...
The Thoracic Cage: Sternum01:17

The Thoracic Cage: Sternum

The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
The sternum is the elongated bony structure on the anterior side of the thoracic cage. It consists of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.
The Thoracic Cage: Ribs01:20

The Thoracic Cage: Ribs

Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of all the ribs articulate with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae. In contrast,the anterior ends of most ribs attach to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
Parts of a Typical Rib
A typical rib has a head, neck, and body. The posterior end of the rib is called the head, followed by a narrow neck. The head articulates primarily with the costal facet...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

Scapular winging: an update.

Alexander K Meininger1, Benedict F Figuerres, Benjamin A Goldberg

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
|August 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scapular winging, a rare neuromuscular disorder, causes significant pain and disability. While often resolving without surgery, effective surgical options exist for persistent cases.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair
04:01

The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair

Published on: August 8, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Neurology
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Scapular winging is a rare condition resulting from neuromuscular imbalance affecting scapulothoracic muscles.
  • Common causes include lesions of the long thoracic nerve and spinal accessory nerves, with various underlying etiologies.
  • Patients experience debilitating neck, shoulder, and upper back pain, exacerbated by arm elevation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnosis and management of scapular winging.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding scapulothoracic anatomy and conducting thorough physical examinations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scapular winging causes, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and physical examination techniques.
  • Evaluation of non-surgical and surgical treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Accurate diagnosis relies on understanding scapulothoracic anatomy and comprehensive physical assessment.
  • Most cases of scapular winging resolve with conservative, non-surgical management.
  • Surgical interventions have demonstrated success in treating scapular winging.

Conclusions:

  • Scapular winging necessitates a detailed anatomical and clinical evaluation for accurate diagnosis.
  • Non-surgical treatments are effective for the majority of patients.
  • Surgical options provide a successful alternative for refractory cases.