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Updated: May 30, 2026

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Published on: October 20, 2017
Endovascular therapy for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis
Marc A Lazzaro1, Osama O Zaidat, Nils Mueller-Kronast
1Department of Neurology, Froedtert Hospital and Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Abstract:
Recent reports have emerged suggesting that multiple sclerosis (MS) may be due to abnormal venous outflow from the central nervous system, termed chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). These reports have generated strong interest and controversy over the prospect of a treatable cause of this chronic debilitating disease. This review aims to describe the proposed association between CCSVI and MS, summarize the current data, and discuss the role of endovascular therapy and the need for rigorous randomized clinical trials to evaluate this association and treatment.
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