Oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Pathophysiology
• Endocrinology

Background:

• Oxidative stress is increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM).
• Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to DM pathogenesis and complications by damaging cellular components.
• Excess glucose metabolism can lead to ROS formation, causing pancreatic beta cell damage.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the role of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and its complications.
• To discuss the mechanisms linking ROS to diabetic pathogenesis.
• To evaluate current methods for assessing oxidative stress biomarkers in diabetes.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on oxidative stress and diabetes.
• Analysis of pathways involved in ROS generation and cellular damage.
• Evaluation of existing methods for oxidative stress biomarker detection.

Main Results:

• Oxidative stress, driven by ROS, is a significant factor in DM development and complications.
• ROS attack lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, leading to cellular dysfunction.
• Chronic oxidative stress impairs insulin gene expression, secretion, and promotes apoptosis.

Conclusions:

• Oxidative stress is a critical mediator in diabetes and its complications.
• Current biomarker assessment methods face limitations in standardization and clinical validation.
• Further large-scale, multi-marker prospective trials are needed to improve clinical utility.