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Climate influences parasite-mediated competitive release.

Martin H Larsen¹, K Thomas Jensen, Kim N Mouritsen

¹Department of Bioscience, Marine Ecology, University of Aarhus, Ole Worms Allé 1, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.

|August 4, 2011

Summary

Environmental factors like high temperatures can alter parasite impacts on species. This study shows unusual warmth enabled a weaker competitor, Corophium arenarium, to thrive by reducing its parasite-sensitive competitor, Corophium volutator.

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Area of Science:

Ecology
Environmental Science
Parasitology

Background:

Parasitism is recognized for maintaining species diversity by enabling host coexistence.
Environmental factors influencing parasite-mediated competition outcomes are seldom explored.
Two amphipod species, Corophium volutator and Corophium arenarium, share trematode parasites, with C. volutator being the superior competitor but more susceptible to infection.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of environmental factors, specifically temperature, in parasite-mediated competition between two amphipod species.
To determine if climate oscillations can influence the balance of competing host populations through parasitic interactions.

Main Methods:

Field observations in an intertidal habitat.
Monitoring amphipod populations (Corophium volutator and Corophium arenarium).
Assessing parasite (trematode) infection levels and transmission dynamics in relation to environmental temperature and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).

Main Results:

Unusually high temperatures, linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation, were observed.
Elevated temperatures accelerated trematode transmission from mud snails to amphipods.
This led to a population decline in the parasite-sensitive species, Corophium volutator, and a subsequent increase in the abundance of the competitively inferior species, Corophium arenarium.

Conclusions:

Environmental conditions, such as elevated temperatures, can significantly alter the dynamics of parasite-mediated competition.
Climate oscillations can indirectly impact species coexistence by modulating parasite transmission and host susceptibility.
Parasite-mediated competitive release can occur when environmental factors favor parasite effects on dominant competitors.