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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory
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Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

F Ginsberg-Fellner1

  • 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029.

Pediatrics in Review
|February 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary

While perfect tools for managing type 1 diabetes are unavailable, optimal care for children and adolescents involves education and physician support. This approach can achieve good blood glucose control and reduce severe hypoglycemia, improving patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Significant advancements in treating insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in pediatric populations over 15 years.
  • Current limitations in technology for continuous normoglycemia and widespread effective immunosuppression for transplantation.
  • The ongoing challenge of managing IDDM in children and adolescents necessitates optimized care strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current best practices for managing IDDM in children and adolescents.
  • To emphasize the importance of comprehensive care beyond glycemic control.
  • To highlight the pediatrician's role in early intervention and complication prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of progress in IDDM treatment over the past 15 years.

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Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes
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  • Discussion of technological and therapeutic limitations (glucose sensors, transplantation).
  • Emphasis on educational, psychosocial, and physician-related support systems.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieving good glycemic control (normal or good range HbA1c) in over 50% of pediatric IDDM patients is possible with intensive management.
    • Major hypoglycemic episodes are rare (<1 per patient/year) in well-managed populations.
    • Minor hypoglycemic episodes are common, underscoring the need for education and snacking protocols.

    Conclusions:

    • Despite technological gaps, comprehensive care including education and psychosocial support is crucial for pediatric IDDM management.
    • Improved glycemic control may correlate with enhanced school performance, though further documentation is needed.
    • Early pediatric intervention is vital to prevent long-term complications of diabetes.