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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots
15:47

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots

Published on: November 1, 2013

Single-shot correlations and two-qubit gate of solid-state spins.

K C Nowack1, M Shafiei, M Laforest

  • 1Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Post Office Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. k.c.nowack@tudelft.nl

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|August 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary

We achieved independent single-shot readout of two electron spins in a double quantum dot, enabling efficient characterization of multiqubit quantum circuits. This breakthrough in quantum information processing demonstrates high-fidelity two-qubit gate operations.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots
15:47

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots

Published on: November 1, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Computing

Background:

  • Accurate measurement of coupled quantum systems is essential for advancing quantum information processing.
  • Developing scalable and high-fidelity control of quantum bits (qubits) is a key challenge in building quantum computers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate independent single-shot readout of two electron spins in a double quantum dot.
  • To enable direct probing of spin correlations and operation of two-qubit gates.
  • To provide a pathway for efficient characterization of multiqubit quantum circuits.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an all-electrical readout method for two electron spins confined in a double quantum dot.
  • Achieved negligible cross-talk between the individual spin measurements.
  • Performed single-shot readout with average fidelities of approximately 86%.

Main Results:

  • Successfully realized independent single-shot readout of two distinct electron spins.
  • Demonstrated negligible measurement cross-talk, ensuring the integrity of individual spin information.
  • Achieved high average readout fidelities, facilitating reliable quantum state characterization.

Conclusions:

  • The developed all-electrical readout technique is highly effective for measuring coupled electron spins.
  • This method facilitates the direct observation of spin correlations and the demonstration of two-qubit gate operations.
  • The results pave the way for the realization and efficient characterization of scalable multiqubit quantum circuits.