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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:27

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Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

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Interlayer coupling in EuS/SrS, EuS/PbSe and EuS/PbTe magnetic semiconductor superlattices.

H Kępa1, C F Majkrzak, A Sipatov

  • 1Institute of Experimental Physics, 69 Hoża Street, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland. Physics Department, Oregon State University, 301 Weniger Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|August 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neutron reflectivity studies revealed weak antiferromagnetic coupling in EuS/SrS and EuS/PbSe superlattices. No coupling was observed in EuS/PbTe, contrasting with theoretical predictions and prior findings for similar magnetic semiconductor superlattices.

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Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7&#8722;&#948;/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 (STO) Single-crystal Substrates
06:49

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Published on: April 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Magnetism

Background:

  • Exchange interlayer coupling is crucial for understanding magnetic phenomena in superlattices.
  • Europium sulfide (EuS) based magnetic semiconductor superlattices offer a platform to study these interactions.
  • Previous studies on EuS/PbS showed significant antiferromagnetic coupling, providing a baseline for comparison.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate exchange interlayer coupling in EuS/SrS, EuS/PbSe, and EuS/PbTe all-semiconductor superlattices.
  • Determine the influence of the nonmagnetic spacer material's electronic and structural properties on interlayer coupling.
  • Compare experimental findings with theoretical predictions and existing data for EuS-based systems.

Main Methods:

  • Neutron reflectivity studies were employed to probe the magnetic structure and coupling across interfaces.
  • Superlattices with varying nonmagnetic spacer materials (SrS, PbSe, PbTe) were synthesized and characterized.
  • Analysis focused on detecting and quantifying antiferromagnetic coupling between EuS layers.

Main Results:

  • Weak antiferromagnetic coupling was observed in EuS/SrS and EuS/PbSe superlattices.
  • No interlayer coupling was detected in EuS/PbTe superlattices.
  • Observed coupling strengths were correlated with the energy gap of the spacer material and lattice mismatch.

Conclusions:

  • The energy gap of the nonmagnetic spacer significantly influences interlayer coupling strength in EuS-based superlattices, as predicted for EuS/SrS.
  • Findings for narrow-gap semiconductors EuS/PbSe and EuS/PbTe deviate from theoretical expectations and prior EuS/PbS results.
  • Lattice mismatch may play a role in the observed magnetic ordering and lack of coupling in EuS/PbTe.