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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...

Active versus Passive Immunity

Active versus Passive Immunity

Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice

Published on: February 2, 2014

Transcutaneous and intradermal vaccination.

Behazine Combadiere¹, Christelle Liard

¹Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 945 and Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 06), Laboratory of immunity and infection, Paris, France. behazine.combadiere@upmc.fr

|August 6, 2011

Summary

Cutaneous vaccination, using skin layers, is gaining popularity due to better understanding of skin immunity and physiology. This approach offers reduced antigen doses and needle-free options for infectious disease immunization.

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Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Dermatology
Vaccinology

Background:

Traditional vaccine routes include intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration.
Intradermal (i.d.) and transcutaneous (t.c.) vaccination methods are experiencing renewed interest.
Advances in understanding skin physiology and immunology support alternative vaccination strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review factors justifying cutaneous vaccination.
To explore the development of alternative vaccination methods targeting skin layers.
To highlight the potential of skin immunization for infectious disease prevention.

Main Methods:

Review of current knowledge on skin physiology and barrier function.
Analysis of skin immune system components, including antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
Evaluation of alternative vaccine administration routes like intradermal and transcutaneous methods.

Main Results:

Improved understanding of skin physiology and the horny layer's barrier role.
Enhanced knowledge of the skin immune system, particularly APC plasticity (Langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, dermal macrophages).
Potential for reduced antigenic dose with certain cutaneous administration methods.

Conclusions:

Cutaneous vaccination strategies are supported by advances in skin immunology and physiology.
Targeting different skin layers (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis) offers rationalized immunization approaches.
Needle-free vaccination via skin routes addresses concerns in developing countries and offers innovative strategies against infectious diseases.