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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared.
Escape Velocities of Gases01:19

Escape Velocities of Gases

To escape the Earth's gravity, an object near the top of the atmosphere at an altitude of 100 km must travel away from Earth at 11.1 km/s. This speed is called the escape velocity. The temperature at which gas molecules attain the rms speed, which is equal to the escape velocity, can be estimated by using the equation for the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules. According to the kinetic theory of gas, the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is proportional to its temperature.
Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.

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Updated: May 30, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
11:21

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Trapping cold molecular hydrogen.

Ch Seiler1, S D Hogan, F Merkt

  • 1ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Wolfgang Pauli-Str. 10, Zurich, Switzerland.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|August 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Translationally cold hydrogen molecules (H(2)) were decelerated and trapped in |M(J)| = 3 Rydberg states using electric fields. Collisions were the primary cause of trap loss, with blackbody radiation also contributing significantly.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic and Molecular Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Laser Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Rydberg states of molecules offer unique properties for manipulation.
  • Controlling translationally cold molecules is crucial for precision measurements.
  • Stark effect in molecular hydrogen influences Rydberg state behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To decelerate and trap translationally cold hydrogen molecules (H(2)) in specific Rydberg states.
  • To investigate the Stark effect and avoided crossings in H(2) Rydberg states.
  • To analyze and understand particle loss mechanisms in molecular trapping experiments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized time-dependent inhomogeneous electric fields for deceleration and trapping.
  • Prepared |M(J)| = 3 Rydberg states via resonant three-photon excitation with circularly polarized laser radiation.
  • Calculated Stark effect using matrix diagonalization and employed Monte-Carlo simulations for trajectory analysis.

Main Results:

  • Successfully decelerated and trapped H(2) molecules in Rydberg states (n = 21-37).
  • Monte-Carlo simulations accurately described experimental data, showing minimal loss from adiabatic crossings for n > 25.
  • Identified collisional processes as the main source of trap loss, followed by blackbody radiation-induced predissociation.

Conclusions:

  • Efficient trapping of H(2) in Rydberg states is achievable using electric field manipulation.
  • Understanding Stark effect and avoided crossings is key to optimizing molecular trapping.
  • Collisions and blackbody radiation are significant factors limiting trap lifetime for cold molecules.