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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism.
Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism.
Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow specific...

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High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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Published on: October 31, 2019

Counterion-induced reversibly switchable transparency in smart windows.

Chang Hwan Lee1, Ho Sun Lim, Jooyong Kim

  • 1Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea.

ACS Nano
|August 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed smart windows using spray-casting that switch from 90.9% to 0% transparency. This nanotechnology offers a new platform for energy conservation in buildings.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Smart windows offer dynamic control over light transmission.
  • Developing energy-efficient building technologies is crucial for sustainability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create facilely fabricated smart windows with extreme optical switching capabilities.
  • To explore the potential of these smart windows for energy conservation.

Main Methods:

  • Spray-casting of a polyelectrolyte (poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride-co-3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate]) onto glass substrates.
  • Alternating immersion in solutions containing thiocyanate (SCN(-)) and bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (TFSI(-)) ions to induce optical changes.

Main Results:

  • Achieved reversible optical transmittance switching between 90.9% and 0% across the entire spectrum.
  • Optical transitions attributed to the formation of microporous structures induced by TFSI(-) ions and polyelectrolyte aggregation in methanol.
  • Demonstrated complete light blocking and high transparency upon counterion exchange.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a novel nanotechnology for smart windows with extreme optical switching.
  • The facile fabrication and reversible optical properties present a promising platform for building energy efficiency.
  • Potential applications in reducing energy consumption for interior climate control.