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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Decellularization-Based Quantification of Skeletal Muscle Fatty Infiltration

Decellularization-Based Quantification of Skeletal Muscle Fatty Infiltration

Published on: June 9, 2023

Fat, muscles, and wages.

Christiane Bozoyan¹, Tobias Wolbring

¹LMU Munich, Institute of Sociology, Konradstraße 6, 80801 Munich, Germany. christiane.bozoyan@soziologie.uni-muenchen.de

Economics and Human Biology

|August 9, 2011

Summary

Body mass index (BMI) is a biased measure of fatness. Fat-free mass (FFM) and body fat (BF) better predict wages, especially for females, though fixed-effects models show no correlation except for job changers.

Area of Science:

Health Economics
Biometrics
Labor Economics

Background:

Recent health economics research indicates body mass index (BMI) is a biased measure of fatness.
Fat-free mass (FFM) and body fat (BF) are suggested as more appropriate metrics for analyzing wage correlates.

Purpose of the Study:

To validate the findings on BMI bias and the utility of FFM and BF for wage analysis in the German context.
To investigate the association between different body composition measures and hourly wages in Germany.

Main Methods:

Utilized data from the BIAdata Base Project and the German Socio-Economic Panel.
Employed simple linear regression models with contemporary and time-lagged fatness measures.
Applied fixed-effects models to control for unobserved individual heterogeneity.

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Main Results:

No significant correlation was found between BMI and wages across all models.
Simple regression models showed FFM and BF are associated with hourly wages, with a stronger effect for females (2-3 times higher).
Fixed-effects models revealed no correlation between FFM/BF and wages, except for job changers, where a significant positive correlation was observed.

Conclusions:

Body mass index (BMI) is not a reliable indicator of fatness for wage analysis in Germany.
Fat-free mass (FFM) and body fat (BF) show a significant association with hourly wages, particularly for females, in simple regression models.
The association between body composition and wages is context-dependent, with job changers exhibiting a notable correlation.