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Related Concept Videos

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...
Behaviorism01:28

Behaviorism

The field of behaviorism was pioneered by figures such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner fundamentally shifted the focus of psychology to the observable and controllable aspects of human and animal behavior. This shift marked a critical evolution in the discipline, emphasizing scientific rigor and experimental methodology.
The core premise of behaviorism is its focus on observable behavior rather than internal thoughts or feelings. This approach argues that true scientific...
Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

Principles of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
During the...
Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...
Classical Conditioning in Daily Life01:17

Classical Conditioning in Daily Life

Classical conditioning, a fundamental principle of associative learning, explains various phenomena observed in daily life, such as fear development, the placebo effect, taste aversion, and drug habituation. These applications demonstrate the profound impact of associative learning on human behavior and physiological responses.
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner famously demonstrated the development of fear through classical conditioning in their experiment with Little Albert. They paired the...
Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

Operant Conditioning Intervention

Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...

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Related Experiment Video

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A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats
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Perconditioning and postconditioning: current knowledge, knowledge gaps, barriers to adoption, and future directions.

Jakob Vinten-Johansen1, Weiwei Shi

  • 1Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA. jvinten@emory.edu

Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics
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PubMed
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Cardioprotection strategies like preconditioning, perconditioning, and postconditioning involve brief ischemia and reperfusion. While postconditioning is well-studied, the biology of perconditioning remains largely unknown, presenting challenges and opportunities for future research.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Ischemic Heart Disease Research
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Conditioning involves alternating ischemia (hypoxia) and reperfusion (reoxygenation) to mitigate damage from prolonged ischemia, such as in myocardial infarction.
  • Three main types exist: preconditioning (before ischemia), perconditioning (during ischemia), and postconditioning (after ischemia/during reperfusion).
  • Remote conditioning extends these benefits via stimuli applied to a different body region.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the current understanding and knowledge gaps in perconditioning and postconditioning, particularly concerning their underlying biological mechanisms and clinical applications.
  • To highlight the translational potential of these conditioning paradigms in managing myocardial infarction and related cardiovascular conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on ischemic preconditioning, perconditioning, and postconditioning.
  • Analysis of studies demonstrating infarct size reduction and cardioprotection.
  • Identification of known and unknown molecular, cellular, and physiological pathways involved.

Main Results:

  • Perconditioning, particularly remote perconditioning, has shown promise in reducing infarct size during transport to PCI.
  • Postconditioning has established triggers, mediators, and effectors contributing to cardioprotection, including pH normalization and reduced reactive oxygen species.
  • The biological mechanisms of perconditioning are largely unknown, and its efficacy in models with comorbidities and aging presents a conundrum.

Conclusions:

  • Significant knowledge gaps exist regarding the biology and optimal application of perconditioning and postconditioning.
  • Understanding the interrelationships between conditioning pathways is crucial for advancing therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research and clinical trials are needed, emphasizing collaboration and data sharing to unlock the translational potential of these cardioprotective interventions.