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Infertility in Females

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle. At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.

Infertility in Males

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...

Ovarian Cycle

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...

Birth Control Methods

Birth Control Methods

Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although vasectomy...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Published on: September 16, 2021

Ovulation induction with clomifene: a primary care perspective.

Scott Wilkes¹, Alison Murdoch

¹Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. scott.wilkes@newcastle.ac.uk

The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care

|August 9, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Clomiphene citrate (CC) is an effective ovulation induction drug for infertility, commonly used in general practice. While generally safe, it carries a 10% risk of multiple births, and monitoring guidelines are conflicting.

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Published on: October 18, 2024

Area of Science:

Reproductive Endocrinology
General Practice Medicine

Background:

Infertility impacts 1 in 7 couples, with ovulatory disorders accounting for 25% of cases.
Ovulatory disorders are the most treatable form of infertility, often managed with ovulation induction.
Clomiphene citrate (CC) is a primary treatment for women with ovulatory dysfunction, excluding ovarian failure or poor reserve.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the established role and application of clomiphene citrate (CC) in a general practice setting.
To assess the efficacy, safety, and current guideline status of CC for ovulation induction in primary care.

Main Methods:

Literature review examining the use of clomiphene citrate (CC) in general practice.
Analysis of existing evidence regarding CC's administration, tolerability, and associated risks.
Evaluation of current guidelines and conflicting evidence on monitoring CC treatment.

Main Results:

Clomiphene citrate (CC) is a simple, safe, well-tolerated, and effective drug for ovulation induction.
A significant 10% risk of multiple births is associated with CC use.
Current guidelines lack specific recommendations for CC use in general practice, and monitoring evidence is conflicting.

Conclusions:

Clomiphene citrate (CC) remains a valuable and widely used treatment for ovulatory infertility in general practice.
The risk of multiple births necessitates careful consideration and patient counseling.
Further research and clear guidelines are needed for optimal monitoring of CC therapy in primary care settings.