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Related Concept Videos

Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
Force On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field01:17

Force On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field

Magnetic forces on wires carrying current are most frequently applied in motors. A DC motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical work. In motors, wire loops are enclosed in a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate. The direction of the current is reversed once the loop's surface area is lined up with the magnetic field, causing a constant torque on the loop. During the process, commutators...
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
Polarity of the Cytoskeleton01:18

Polarity of the Cytoskeleton

The intrinsic polarity of cells can be primarily attributed to two factors- i) the asymmetric accumulation of mobile components such are regulatory molecules and subcellular components across the cell and ii) the orientation of polar cytoskeletal filaments that make up the cytoskeletal networks, specifically microfilaments, and microtubules arranged along the axis of polarity. Interactions between the cytoskeletal filaments are crucial for the establishment and maintenance of the polar nature...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

An Additive Manufacturing Technique for the Facile and Rapid Fabrication of Hydrogel-based Micromachines with Magnetically Responsive Components
08:17

An Additive Manufacturing Technique for the Facile and Rapid Fabrication of Hydrogel-based Micromachines with Magnetically Responsive Components

Published on: July 18, 2018

Programming magnetic anisotropy in polymeric microactuators.

Jiyun Kim, Su Eun Chung, Sung-Eun Choi

    Nature Materials
    |August 9, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers created novel polymeric microactuators using magnetic nanoparticles. These microactuators offer complex 2D and 3D motion control for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and lab-on-a-chip applications.

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    Last Updated: May 30, 2026

    An Additive Manufacturing Technique for the Facile and Rapid Fabrication of Hydrogel-based Micromachines with Magnetically Responsive Components
    08:17

    An Additive Manufacturing Technique for the Facile and Rapid Fabrication of Hydrogel-based Micromachines with Magnetically Responsive Components

    Published on: July 18, 2018

    Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators
    14:42

    Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators

    Published on: April 25, 2020

    Laser Micromachining for Polymer Surface Topography Design
    05:49

    Laser Micromachining for Polymer Surface Topography Design

    Published on: September 19, 2025

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Nanotechnology
    • Robotics

    Background:

    • Polymeric microcomponents in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and lab-on-a-chip devices lack complex motion and precise shape control.
    • Existing microactuators face limitations in addressability and programmability for sophisticated tasks.

    Discussion:

    • Fabricated polymeric nanocomposite microactuators utilizing programmable heterogeneous magnetic anisotropy.
    • Employed spatially modulated photopatterning for shape-independent nanoparticle confinement within a polymer matrix.
    • Demonstrated precise control over each component's rotational axis for tailored motion.

    Key Insights:

    • Achieved predesigned, complex two- and three-dimensional motion in polymeric microactuators.
    • Heterogeneous magnetic anisotropy enables sophisticated actuation capabilities.
    • Programmable nanoparticle confinement offers a versatile method for microactuator design.

    Outlook:

    • Potential for advanced micro-robotics and integrated microfluidic systems.
    • Opens avenues for novel micro-manipulation and sensing applications.
    • Further development could lead to autonomous micro-scale devices with enhanced functionality.